• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of rainfall, irrigation and fertilizer application on water qualities of pond in golf course from May in 2007 year to November in 2008 year. For survey of water quality, it was sampled at $10{\sim}12$ sites(irrigation site 2, drainage site 3, and hazard site $5{\sim}7$) of SKY72 G.C and evaluated with analysis items such as pH, electrical conductivity(EC), DO, SS, T-N, $PO_4$-P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, SAR, BOD and COD. Results obtained were summarized as follows: The value of pH, EC, DO, T-N, P04-P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and SAR was in dry season, but those of SS, BOD and COD in the rainy season. N and P concentration of pond water showed $1.2{\sim}28.8mg/L$ and $0.005{\sim}0.172mg/L$, respectively, and so it was higher than eutrophication level of lakes and marshes recommended by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. As a reault of correlation analysis, EC in the water was significantly(P<0.01) related items such as K, Ca, Mg, Na, SAR and salinity, and SS significantly(P<0.05) BOD and COD. In comparison with a corelation between respective analysis items and rainfall amount, SAR was significantly(P<0.01) positive but T-N negative(P<0.01). As compared with corelation between respective items and irrigation amount, pH was significantly(P<0.01) positive but T-N(P<0.05) and BOD(P<0.01) negative. When it was applied to N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in golf course, N and $K_2O$ significantly affected water qualities of pond(P<0.01). These results suggested that a pond water in golf course was affected by the fertilizer application, rainfall and irrigation and EC was adequate monitoring indicator for the evaluating water quality of pond by chemicals influent.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.168-181
• /
• 2024

Constructed wetlands (CWs) deliver a range of ecosystem services, including the removal of contaminants, sequestration and storage of carbon, and enhancement of biodiversity. These services are facilitated through hydrological and ecological processes such as infiltration, adsorption, water retention, and evapotranspiration by plants and microorganisms. This study investigated the correlations between microbial populations, soil physicochemical properties, and treatment efficiency in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) treating runoff from roads and parking lots. The methods employed included storm event monitoring, water quality analysis, soil sampling, soil quality parameter analysis, and microbial analysis. The facility achieved its highest pollutant removal efficiencies during the warm season (>15℃), with rates ranging from 33% to 74% for TSS, COD, TN, TP, and specific heavy metals including Fe, Zn, and Cd. Meanwhile, the highest removal efficiency was 35% for TOC during the cold season (≤15℃). These high removal rates can be attributed to sedimentation, adsorption, precipitation, plant uptake, and microbial transformations within the CW. Soil analysis revealed that the soil from HSSF CW had a soil organic carbon content 3.3 times higher than that of soil collected from a nearby landscape. Stoichiometric ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in the inflow and outflow were recorded as C:N:P of 120:1.5:1 and 135.2:0.4:1, respectively, indicating an extremely low proportion of N and P compared to C, which may challenge microbial remediation efficiency. Additionally, microbial analyses indicated that the warm season was more conducive to microorganism growth, with higher abundance, richness, diversity, homogeneity, and evenness of the microbial community, as manifested in the biodiversity indices, compared to the cold season. Pollutants in stormwater runoff entering the HSSF CW fostered microbial growth, particularly for dominant phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, which have shown moderate to strong correlations with specific soil properties and changes in influent-effluent concentrations of water quality parameters.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels (10, 12 and 15%) of crude protein (CP) in total mixed ration (TMR) on dry matter intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of Korean black goats in the stage of early pregnancy and to obtain information on their optimal dietary levels of CP. In the present study, 12 Does of Korean black goats in the early pregnancy were allotted to four unreplicated groups by dietary level of CP and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with completely randomized design throughout 30 days with 20 days adaptation and 10 days collection periods. Does in Control were fed a conventional diet and does in TMR10, TMR12 and TMR15 were fed a diet adjusted to about 10, 12 and 15% CP, respectively. Dry matter(DM) contents ranged from 89 to 91% in treatments. There were no differences fur fiber contents among three CP levels of TMR, showing that ADF and NDF had 18.57 to 19.85, and 53.41 to 54.80, respectively. Crude protein contents for three TMR treaements had 10.61, 12.15 and 14.97%, respectively. However, non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) contents decreased with increasing CP levels in treatments. Meanwhile, Intakes of DM, nutrients and digestible nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR15 and control than in TMR10 and TMR12. Moreover, DM intake per metabolic body weight and theit ratio per body weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher for control and TMR15 than other treatments. DM digestibility was not significantly different among treatments, but ether extract digestibility of treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control, but there was no significant difference among treatments. Nitrogen retention significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing CP levels in TMR, and TMR15 was highest among treatments. Our results showed that the increasing CP levels in TMR increased DM intake and nitrogen retention and suggested that the optimal dietary CP levels under TMR feeding system in early pregnant Korean black goats could be estimated for at least 15%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2010

Transition metal based spent catalysts (Ni-Mo and Co-Mo), which were scrapped from the petrochemical industry, were reused for the removal processes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Especially the optimum regeneration procedures were determined using the removal efficiency of VOCs. In this work, the spent Ni-Mo and spent Co-Mo catalysts were pretreated with different physic-chemical treatment procedure: 1) acid aqueous solution, 2) alkali solution, 3) chemical agent and 4) steam. The various characterization methods of spent and its regenerated catalysts were performed using nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). It was found that all spent catalysts were found to be potentially applicable catalysts for catalytic oxidation of benzene. The experimental results also indicated that among the employed physico-chemical pretreatment methods, the oxalic acid aqueous (0.1 N, $C_2H_2O_4$) pretreatment appeared to be the most efficient in increasing the catalytic activity, although the catalytic activity of spent Ni-Mo and spent Co-Mo catalysts in the oxidation of benzene were greatly dependent on the pretreatment conditions. The pretreated spent catalysts at optimum condition could be also applied for removing other aromatic compounds (Toluene/Xylene).

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.86-93
• /
• 2014

Mesoporous tin oxide (meso-$SnO_2$) with 5 nm mesopore and well-aligned $SnO_2$ nanowire-bundles with 5~7 nm diameters were prepared by template synthesis method. In addition to meso-$SnO_2$, meso-$SnO_2$/$SiO_2$, which has almost the same structure as meso-$SnO_2$ including $SiO_2$ used as the template were prepared by the modification of template synthesis. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission electron microscopy observed structures of meso-$SnO_2$ and meso-$SnO_2$/$SiO_2$. Although the meso-$SnO_2$/$SiO_2$ showed some positive evidences to suppress the volume change of meso-$SnO_2$ through cyclic voltammogram, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and voltage profiles during cycling, its cycle life was not improved highly to address modified structural effects. Thus, further study might be done to control the nanostructure of meso-$SnO_2$/$SiO_2$ for enhanced cycle performance.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2014

Feasibility of utilizing unburned carbon residue in coal ash as a potential precursor for the production of activated carbon was assessed to seek for solution to recycle unburned carbon residue. The unburned carbon concentrate generated from the 4 stages of cleaner flotation has a grade of 87% carbon. The crystalline impurities in the concentrate included quartz and mullite. Unburned carbon had a low specific surface area of $10m^2/g$, which might be related to a high degree of coalification of domestic anthracite coal. Carbon particles were mostly porous and have a turbostratic structure. When 1g of carbon was activated with 6g of KOH powder, the highest specific surface area value of $670m^2/g$ was achieved. Low wettability of unburned carbon particles, which was resulted from high temperature combustion in a boiler, might cause poor pore formation when they were activated by KOH solution. The activated carbon produced in this study developed micropores, with an equivalent quality of general-purpose activated carbon made from coal. Hence, it is concluded that chemically treated unburned carbon can be used for water purification or an alternative to carbon black as it is.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.178-185
• /
• 2007

Intermediate pentasil borosilicate zeolite-like materials have been crystallized by a novel method named steam-assisted conversion, which involves vapor-phase transport of water. Indeed, amorphous powders obtained by drying Na2O.SiO2.B2O3.TBA2O gels of various compositions using different boron sources are transformed into crystalline borosilicate zeolite belonging to pentasil family structure by contact with vapors of water under hydrothermal conditions. Using a variant of this method, a new material which has an intermediate structure of MFI/MEL in the ratio 90:10 was crystallized. The results show that steam and sufficiently high pH in the reacting hydrous solid are necessary for the crystallization to proceed. Characterization of the products shows some specific structural aspects which may have its unique catalytic properties. X-ray diffraction patterns of these microporous crystalline borosilicates are subjected to investigation, then, it is shown that the product structure has good crystallinity and is interpreted in terms of regular stacking of pentasil layers correlated by inversion centers (MFI structure) but interrupted by faults consisting of mirror-related layers (MEL structure). The products are also characterized by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K that shows higher microporous volume (0.160 cc/g) than that of pure MFI phase (0.119 cc/g). The obtained materials revealed high surface area (~600 m2/g). The infrared spectrum reveals the presence of an absorption band at 900.75 cm-1 indicating the incorporation of boron in tetrahedral sites in the silicate matrix of the crystalline phase.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2016.02a
• /
• pp.264-264
• /
• 2016

최근에 charge trap flash (CTF) 기술은 절연막에 전하를 트랩과 디트랩 시킬 때 인접한 셀 간의 간섭현상을 최소화하여 오동작을 줄일 수 있으며 낸드 플래시 메모리 소자에 적용되고 있다. 낸드 플래시 메모리는 고집적화, 대용량화와 비휘발성 등의 장점으로 인해 핸드폰, USB, MP3와 컴퓨터 등에 이용되고 있다. 기존의 실리콘 기반의 플래시 메모리 소자는 좁은 밴드갭으로 인해 투명하지 않고 고온에서의 공정이 요구되는 문제점이 있다. 따라서, 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 실리콘의 대체 물질로 산화물 반도체 기반의 플래시 메모리 소자들이 연구되고 있다. 산화물 반도체 기반의 플래시 메모리 소자는 넓은 밴드갭으로 인한 투명성을 가지고 있으며 저온에서 공정이 가능하여 투명하고 유연한 기판에 적용이 가능하다. 다양한 산화물 반도체 중에서 비정질 In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO)는 비정질임에도 불구하고 우수한 전기적인 특성과 화학적 안정성을 갖기 때문에 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 플래시 메모리의 고집적화가 요구되면서 절연막에 high-k 물질을 atomic layer deposition (ALD) 방법으로 적용하고 있다. ALD 방법을 이용하면 우수한 계면 흡착력과 균일도를 가지는 박막을 정확한 두께로 형성할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 또한, high-k 물질을 절연막에 적용하면 높은 유전율로 인해 equivalent oxide thickness (EOT)를 줄일 수 있다. 특히, HfOx와 AlOx가 각각 trap layer와 blocking layer로 적용되면 program/erase 동작 속도를 증가시킬 수 있으며 넓은 밴드갭으로 인해 전하손실을 크게 줄일 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 ALD 방법으로 AlOx와 HfOx를 게이트 절연막으로 적용한 a-IGZO 기반의 thin-film transistor (TFT) 플래시 메모리 소자를 제작하여 메모리 특성을 평가하였다. 제작 방법으로는, p-Si 기판 위에 열성장을 통한 100 nm 두께의 SiO2를 형성한 뒤, 채널 형성을 위해 RF sputter를 이용하여 70 nm 두께의 a-IGZO를 증착하였다. 이후에 소스와 드레인 전극에는 150 nm 두께의 In-Sn-O (ITO)를 RF sputter를 이용하여 증착하였고, ALD 방법을 이용하여 tunnel layer에 AlOx 5 nm, trap layer에 HfOx 20 nm, blocking layer에 AlOx 30 nm를 증착하였다. 최종적으로, 상부 게이트 전극을 형성하기 위해 electron beam evaporator를 이용하여 platinum (Pt) 150 nm를 증착하였고, 계면 결함을 최소화하기 위해 퍼니스에서 질소 가스 분위기, $400^{\circ}C$, 30 분의 조건으로 열처리를 했다. 측정 결과, 103 번의 program/erase를 반복한 endurance와 104 초 동안의 retention 측정으로부터 큰 열화 없이 메모리 특성이 유지되는 것을 확인하였다. 결과적으로, high-k 물질과 산화물 반도체는 고성능과 고집적화가 요구되는 향후 플래시 메모리의 핵심적인 물질이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.925-937
• /
• 1996

Three types of mordenites treated by steaming($SM_{6.5}$), HF solution for $SM_{6.5}(FM_a)$ and HF solutlon+steaming for $SM_{6.5}(FM_b)$ were prepared and used as cracking catalysts of vacuum gas oil. These samples were analysed by XRF and XPS for average and surface Si/Al atomic ratio, XRD for unit cell constants, nitrogen adsorption/desorption for porosity, pyridine-IR for acidic properties. In comparison with three type samples, $SM_{6.5}$ had a lot of acid amount and showed micropore volume mostly(>85% to total volume). Dealuminated $FM_a$, compared with $SM_{6.5}$, was decreased a little in acid amount and improved for porosity. Also, $FM_b$ was decreased further in acid amount and developed in mesopore dramatically. The catalytic activity and the yield of gasoline, kerosine+diesel and branched aromatic over the modified mordenites which have developed mesopore were improved. This is due to limited access of diffusion of large molecules within pore of the modified mordenites.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.453-458
• /
• 2009

Iron-containing TNU-9 zeolites were prepared by aqueous ion exchange in the range of Fe contents 0.6~3.3 wt%. Direct decomposition of $N_2O$ was performed varying $N_2O$ concentrations and reaction temperatures. Fe-TNU-9 zeolites used were characterized using XRD, $N_2$ sorption, SEM/EDX. A 2.7 wt% Fe-TNU-9 zeolite showed high activities and above this contents of Fe the effect of catalytic activity was little dominated. Fe-TNU-9 zeolites after ion exchange conserved their TNU-9 structure although the degree of crystallinity was decreased until ca. 60% in 3.1 wt% Fe-TNU-9 zeolite after ion exchange in 0.01 M Fe solution. The decrease in the degree of crystallinity could be correlated with the decrease of surface area and pore volume. The partial reaction order of $N_2O$ in the decomposition of $N_2O$ was dependent on the reaction temperature from 0.69 at $420^{\circ}C$ to 0.97 at $494^{\circ}C$. The activation energy of $N_2O$ was also dependent on the $N_2O$ concentration and its value is ranged to 34~43 kcal/mol.