• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 2002

The study was conducted to estimate stimulation of plant growth of blue and red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as affected by covering methods with vinyl materials containing concentrated PO film. Plants were grown in direct, direct and tunnel, and tunnel covering with 'Pasraido materials' from October 13 to 31. With the covering mean air temperature, soil temperature, leaf temperature and relative humidity remarkedly increased. Higher temperature was observed in the order of direct and tunnel, direct, tunnel covering and the control. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, $\mu$mol m$^{-2}$ . s$^{-1}$ ) was observed in reverse order of temperature. Concentration of $CO_2$ was higher during night than during day under the light. Accumulation of highest $CO_2$ at night was obtained from direct coverings followed by direct and tunnel, tunnel covering and the control. Plant height, leaf number and leaf area of blue and red lettuces were stimulated by direct covering. However, there was no significant difference.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.452-461
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• 2005

In the star VPN (Virtual Private Network) topology, the traffic between the communicating two CPE(Customer Premise Equipment) VPN GW(Gateway)s nay be inefficiently transferred. Also, the Center VPN GW nav erperience the overload due to excessive packet processing overhead. As a solution to this problem, a direct tunnel can be established between the communicating two CPE VPN GWs using the IKE (Internet Key Exchange) mechanism of IPSec(IP Security). In this case, however, the tunnel establishment and management nay be complicated. In this paper, we propose a mechanism called' SVOT (Star VPN On-demand Tunnel)', which automatically establishes a direct tunnel between the communicating CPE VPN GWs based on demand. In the SVOT scheme, CPE VPN GWs determine whether it will establish a direct tunnel or not depending on the traffic information monitored. CPE VPN GW requests the information that is necessary to establishes a direct tunnel to the Center VPN GW Through a simulation, we investigate the performance of the scheme performs better than the SYST scheme with respect to scalability, traffic efficiency and overhead of Center VPN GW, while it shows similar performance to the FVST with respect to end-to-end delay and throughput.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.72-76
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• 2003

This study was conducted to estimate stimulation of plant growth of green and red leafy lettuces (Lactuca sutiva L. cv. Chungchima and Jugchima) at affected by covering method and time with protected film materials containing concentrated PO film and GA$_3$ foliar spray. Plants were covered with ‘Pasraido’ material from October 26 to November 31 (direct 1), from November 5 to November 31 (direct 2), or with a tunnel, or direct 2＋ tunnel. Mean air temperature and relative humidity under the covering were higher in direct and tunnel, direct and non-covering, in that order. The fresh weight and dry weight of red and green lettuces increased in direct and tunnel followed by direct 1, direct 2, tunnel and the control. GA$_3$ treatment promoted the growth in all covering methods, but decreased the chlorophyll contents. Fresh weight and dry weight were higher in red lettuce than in green lettuce in the control.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.1271-1274
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• 2004

현재 운용중인 대부분의 VPN은 모든 CPE(Customer Premise Equipment) VPN GW(Gateway)들이 Center VPN GW에 연결되어 있는 Star 구조를 취하고 있다. 이러한 구조에서는 모든 트래픽들이 항상 Center VPN GW를 거쳐서 전송되므로 비효율적인 트래픽 전송이 이루어진다. 또한 대용량의 멀티미디어 트래픽 전송이 빈번하거나 다수의 지점을 갖고 있는 기업의 경우 Center VPN GW에서의 오버헤드가 증가하게 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 방법으로는 IPSec의 IKE(Internet Key Exchange) 메커니즘을 이용하여 CPE VPN GW간 직접 터널을 맺어 줄 수 있으나, 터널 설립에 앞서 원격지 CPE VPN GW의 주소, 요구되는 보안 등급 등의 터널 설정에 필요한 정보를 관리자가 직접 설정해 주어야 한다. 이는 현재 DHCP와 같은 동적 IP 환경에서 운용되는 ADSL 기반의 VPN 환경에서 관리 오버헤드를 증가시키는 요인이 된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 CPE VPN GW 간 직접 터널 연결이 필요할 시에 자동적으로 제반 기능들이 수행될 수 있게 하는 주문형 터널 생성(On-demand Tunnel Creation) 메커니즘 제안한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안하는 방안에 대하여 성능을 조사하였고, 이와 함께 기존의 Star VPN 구조, Full-mesh VPN 구조와 성능을 비교하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 제안하는 방안이 기존의 Star VPN 구조보다 확장성과 트래픽 전송효율성, Center VPN GW의 오버헤드 측면에서 우수한 성능을 보였으며 Full-mesh 구조의 VPN과 거의 비슷한 종단간 지연시간과 처리율을 보였다.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.5 s.58
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• pp.344-351
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• 2005

Direct back analysis software is coded based on Simplex method using FLAC as a subroutine. For the verification of the software, 12 different cases are assumed combining various displacements in different measuring locations around a tunnel. The number of displacements for cases varies from 3 to 240. It is verified that the exact elasticity and the primary stress state of rock around a tunnel could be found through iterative calculation regardless of the locations and number of displacements and initial values needed for the direct back analysis.

• Magazine of korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2019

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

A back analysis algorithm was developed to determine the major parameters for tunnel design; the elastic modulus(E) and the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress(K). The algorithm is based on direct search method and was coded by FISH language of FLAC, a commercial finite difference program. Developed code was applied on some models to verify the validity and estimate the efficiency of the algorithm. Verification by theoretical solutions and published results of Gens' research, was successful.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-472
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• 2015

A recently developed tunnel section enlargement method can maintain traffic flow during construction by using a protector. By keeping traffic flowing, it can minimize the lost time and costs associated with diversions and also the accompanying environmental pollution. On the other hand, installing the protector can lengthen the construction period and increase the direct cost. This paper presents a method for analyzing the economic feasibility of tunnel section enlargement methods considering the direct construction cost and the indirect social cost. The indirect costs are divided into categories of: vehicle driving cost, travel time delay cost, and environmental pollution cost. The economic efficiency of existing technology is compared with the new method in an case study of Namsan Tunnel 3.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.401-410
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• 2017

This study deals with dynamic instability of a tendon moored submerged floating tunnel (SFT) due to tendon slack. In general, environmental loadings such as wave and current govern SFT design. Especially, the wave force, whose amplitude and direction continuously change, directly induces the dynamic behavior of the SFT. The motion of the floating tube, induced by the wave force, leads dynamic response of the attached tendons and the dynamic change of internal forces of the tendons significantly affects to the fatigue design as well as the structural strength design. When the severe motion of the SFT occurs due to significant waves, tendons might lose their tension and slack so that the floating tube can be transiently instable. In this study, the characteristics of dynamic instability of the SFT due to tendon slack are investigated performing hydrodynamic analysis. In addition, the effects of draft, buoyancy-weight ratio, and tendon inclination on tendon slack and dynamic instability behavior are analytically investigated.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.561-573
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• 2012

Recently, tunnel constructions have been increased in Korea. According to the increment of tunnel constructions, cases of tunnel collapses also have been increased under tunnel construction. Among these tunnel collapses, after a certain amount of time has elapsed due to excessive displacements on slope of tunnel exit or entrance, cases of tunnel collapse have been increased rapidly. Therefore, the case study was conducted in this study to figure out factors effect on the tunnel collapses due to excessive displacements on tunnel exit or entrance slopes. Base on the case study, the fragmental zone of fault and the rainfall were most important factors on the collapse.