• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.97-110
• /
• 2018

The application of sprayed waterproofing membrane with high adhesion and ductility is considered to be promising as a measure for repair and reinforcement of a tunnel structure. Therefore, a powder-type and one-component membrane prototype with high tensile and bond strengths was made in this study. Then, its reinforcement effect on a shield segment was evaluated by carrying out a series of full-scale loading tests of segment specimens on which the membrane was sprayed. From the tests, it was confirmed that the initial cracking loads increased by approximately 34% due to cracking retardation by membrane coating. Even though the increase of failure loads were not so high as cracking loads, the strain-softening behaviors were observed from specimens coated by the membrane. Therefore, it is expected that the membrane coated on the inner surface of a lining might be effective in preventing its brittle failure.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.273-287
• /
• 2006

This study investigates the failure mechanism and load-carrying capacity of a single-shell lining which has no disturbance in transfer of shear force, with respect to a conventional double-shell lining which has separation between layers of shotcrete lining and secondary concrete lining by water-proof membrane. In order to evaluate the capacity, a 2-D numerical investigation is preliminarily carried out and then real-scale loading tests with tunnel lining section specimens are performed on the condition given by the numerical investigation. In the test, a concentrated load is applied for considering a released ground load or rock wedge load. Through this study, it appears that the single-shell lining takes the load-bearing capacity 20% higher than in case of the double-shell lining. In addition, a possibility of a composite single-shell shotcrete layer composed by multiple bonded layers partly involving different contents of high-capacity additives is shown thereby leading to use of less amount of the high-capacity additives on the condition of taking a similar load-bearing capacity.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.665-674
• /
• 2015

A TSL (Thin Spray-on Liner) which consists of polymers has a higher initial strength, faster construction time and higher waterproofing performance than the conventional cementitious shotcrete. Main supporting mechanism of TSL is the adhesion and tensile strength which is distinct from the conventional shotcrete. Even though highly in demand due to its outstanding characteristics, TSL is not yet well-known support material. In this study, to evaluate contact behavior of TSL, numerical analysis was performed with comparing result from laboratory tests. From the analysis, cohesive behavior at the contact surface between TSL and rock can be evaluated by using combination of cohesive and the damage model. In addition, results show that the cohesive stiffness controled slope between force and displacement, the fracture energy controled level of force at the contact.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.257-267
• /
• 2008

Tunnels acting as drains involve groundwater-related problems such as deterioration of drainage systems or leakage through the linings. Generally initial and minor leakage problems can not be recognized by naked eyes. When the leakage over the linings is noticed, damages to structures and facilities have already occurred and could be considerable. Therefore it is vital to recognize initial leakage as early as possible and provide appropriate measures. Detection of leakage under operation requires installing piezometer. However, that may cause destruction of water proofing sheet which is generally not allowed. In this study electric resistivity method, one of the geophysical surveys, was adopted to detect possible leakage through tunnel linings. Physical lining models were made in the laboratory. The electric response was monitored for varying hydraulic conditions. It is shown that the method is very useful to detect initial leakage and monitor the malfunction of drainage system. Furthermore the method can also be used to check the quality of any repairing works of linings.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.1059-1075
• /
• 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the freezing and thawing resistance of the existing drainage system for leakage treatment of underground concrete structures operating in cold regions. The freezing and thawing test was conducted on 4 types of drainage system specimens to evaluate the freezing and thawing resistance of the drainage system. The freezing and thawing resistance was evaluated on 4 types of Hotty-gel, as a waterproofing material, connection methods and on two methods to fix the drainage board with Hotty-gel on the surface of cement concrete specimen. One cycle of the freeze-thaw testing was 48 hours (24 hours of freezing and 24 hours of thawing), and the temperatures of freezing and thawing were at $-18^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, respectively. Among the 4 types of Hotty-gel connection methods, leakage occurred after 28 cycles (8 weeks) of freeze-thawing only in the Hotty-gel connection method with the 'V' groove applied to the corner of the drainage board. No leakage occurred in the 3 types of Hotty-gel connection methods. In two fixing methods, leakage occurred in the method of fixing the drainage board on the cement concrete specimen using the washer, screw and plastic wall plug. Leakage occurred at one point after 10 cycles (3 weeks) of freezing and thawing. After 28 cycles (8 weeks) of freezing and thawing, leakage point increased to 5 points. As time passed, the leak point was not increased, but the amount of leakage was increased at each leak point. The Hotty-gel connection method with cross-sectional diagonal shape was evaluated to be the highest in the production efficiency considering the production time and manufacturing method of the Hotty-gel connection shape. In the construction efficiency considering the construction time and construction method, the fixing method of air nailer, fixed nail and washer was superior to that of the washer, screw and plastic wall plug.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.7 no.1 s.23
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2007

Water leakage could be caused deterioration of environmental conditions, user condition, reduction of life span and long term safety in underground concrete structure. Many materials and construction method to repair on these problems have been developed, however, it is not proper to successful repair or raise problem of increasing repair cost However, there are many limitations as practical appraisal methods due to different view of reliability for test methods. Because, it was not enough that the technical objectivity could be lack and also application of environmental condition is inadequate. In this paper, we suggest varied test methods divided to appraisal for property of matter, construction, manufacturing, specification and maintenance, friendly environmental condition. It could be more practical as a objective standard considering various angles. In summery, it should be subdivided and differentiated to accomplish proper application and to select proper materials and construction method for repair even if the synthetical condition is very complicated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.19-22
• /
• 2011

For underground structures that are exposed to environmental conditions, the declination of the durability of concrete occurs easily because of leakages from high hydraulic pressure and the frequent contact of water due to environmental factors. Therefore this study is to confirm that the leakage reduction of natural inorgnic powder compound applying subsurface structural weak part and make the performance improvement of concrete as an objective. The test was done by making the rebar, flat tie, nail and film infiltration and each of its water tank and cylindrical test body then after pouring water to each of the test body, the test observe the change of the water tank surface absorbed condition and leakage of each specimen with respect to time. As a conclusion, the test was observed that this water proofing admixture has better watertightness from the beginning of the setting time(when it hardens), the ettringite and the thaumasite generates a large quantity of hydration products that controls the formation in a large opening and the CSH produced by pozzolan reaction makes a dent at this opening.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2023.05a
• /
• pp.368-368
• /
• 2023

도심지에 위치하는 저지대의 경우 강우 발생 시 우수의 집중으로 인한 침수발생으로 매년 인명 및 재산피해가 발생하고 있다. 이를 개선하기 위해 현재 시행하고 있는 사업은 크게 두 가지로 구분할 수 있는데 이는 배수시설의 개선과 우수유출저감시설 설치사업이다. 첫 번째 배수시설의 개선은 배수유역의 우수를 하류하천 방류부까지 우수관거와 방수로, 대심도 터널 등을 통해 자연배수하거나 배수펌프를 통해 강제배수하여 내수배제가 원활하게 하는 방법이며, 우수유출저감시설은 저류시설을 설치하여 우수가 집중되는 시간을 지체시켜 첨두유출량을 저감하거나 침투시설을 설치하여 유출총량을 저감하여 우수유출량을 조절하는 방법이다. 다만 이 두 가지 방법은 토지이용이 고도화된 도심지에서는 기존 건축물 및 지하구조물 등으로 인해 부지의 확보가 어렵고 시공의 난이도가 높아 사업에 대한 시간과 비용이 크게 소요되는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 단계적으로 크게 설치되어 있는 기존의 우수관거를 상류 우수관거의 관경을 하류보다 크게 설계하여 배수유역 상류부 관거의 개선만으로 도시침수를 방지할 수 있는 방법을 연구하였으며 이를 통해 기존 시설물과 토지이용의 변경을 최소화할 수 있도록 하였다. 도시침수가 발생하는 연구대상 배수유역에 도시유출 해석모형인 SWMM을 이용하여 내림차순식 우수관망 배치의 침수방지 효과를 검토한 결과 배수유역 상류관거의 확장으로 유속의 저감과 우수관거 내 저류효과를 통해 하류부의 우수 집중시간을 지체시켜 하류부의 침수발생을 저감할 수 있을 것으로 검토되었다. 이를 통해 토지이용이 고도화되어 저류시설이나 자연 및 강제 배수시설의 설치가 어려운 하천변 저지대 도심지 지역의 침수피해 방지대책이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.258-276
• /
• 2018

The accurate and quantitative ground information on the hydraulic conductivity characteristics of rock mass is one of the key factors for evaluation of the hydro-geological behaviour of rock mass around an excavated opening under high water pressure. For tunnel and rock structures in seabed, where the sea acts as an infinite source of water, its importance become greater with increasing construction depth below sea level. In this study, to improve the problems related with poor system configuration and incorrect data acquisition of previous hydraulic packer testing equipment, we newly developed an integrated main frame and 30 bar level waterproof downhole sonde apparatus, which were optimized for deep hydraulic packer test in seabed rock mass. Integration of individual test equipment into one frame allows safe and efficient field testing work on a narrow offshore drilling platform. For the integrated type main frame, it is possible to make precise stepwise control of downhole net injection pressure at intervals of $2.0kg_f/cm^2$ or less with dual hydraulic oil volume controller. To ensure the system performance and the operational stability of the prototype mainframe and downhole sonde apparatus, the field feasibility tests were completed in two research boreholes, and using the developed apparatus, the REV(Representative Elementary Volume) scale deep hydraulic packer tests were successfully carried out at a borehole located in the basalt region, Jeju. In this paper, the characteristics of the new testing apparatus are briefly introduced and also some results from the laboratory and in-situ performance tests are shown.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.441-453
• /
• 2016

This study aimed to develop a two-component TSL suitable for reducing dust and guaranteeing homogeneous qualities during its spraying. Its performance was evaluated by a series of laboratory and field tests. High ductility of two-component TSL prototypes resulted in increasing their elongation at break even though their tensile strengths were slightly lower than those of one-component powder TSLs. One prototype of the two-component TSLs developed in this study was verified to satisfy every criterion specified by EFNARC (2008). Especially, it increased the average compressive strength of mortar specimens by 50% even when it coated them only with the thickness of 3 mm. From a preliminary spraying test, a spraying machine suitable for the developed TSL prototype was derived and modified. After its field application, dust and rebound generated during its spraying works were found to be very minimal. Its spraying rate was recorded to be approximately $60m^2/hr$. In addition, it showed a very rapid hardening characteristic compared with general sprayable waterproofing membranes.