• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.399-410
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• 2012

This study is to investigate the expenditure patterns that was generated by visitors who attended The Korean Music Wave Festival and analyze economic impact derived from that event. The target is the foreign visitors who attended '2011 Incheon Korean Music Wave'. Total of 407 questionnaires were collected. The collected data were analyzed to produce spending patterns using Tobit models. Also, tourism multipliers were employed to identify the economic impact. This results show that expenditure determinants such as demographic variables and satisfaction as independent variables are significant in estimating visitors' expenditures. Also, In addition economic impact derived from direct spending was substantially over committed cost. Accordingly, this result can contribute to providing basic information for marketing strategy that generates the economic effect on the destination. Moreover, the result can be utilized when establishing the strategy that can maximize the economic impact based on the spending patterns.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.475-484
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• 2014

This research was about the economic impact and the development plan by analyzing satisfaction and the contributions of Keochang International Festival(KIFT) that visitors recognize. It also sought ways to the development of an KIFT by conducting in-depth interviews with experts. According to the survey of visitors' recognition, KIFT contributed to the regional and the arts development. And it also showed that people recognize the contribution to imaging Keochang as the city of art. In regard to the visitors' satisfaction, they were satisfied generally with the festival and performance, but the satisfaction level was quite low with the traffic, service quality, etc. In respect to the economic impacts, the direct cost effect caused by holding the theater festival was 128,000 thousand won in 2013. Also the annual economic(indirect) impact on the production was 16 billion won, personal income 319,358 thousand won, added-value 7,549,540 thousand won, and taxes 780,733 thousand won.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.2660-2666
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• 2013

Education is important in Korea and English education takes a huge part of it. Korean Education can be divided into public and private. A number of households expend money on private education. Therefore this study examines the relationship between private education expense and the grade of college entrance examination. As results, there is a positive effect between them and also a positive effect between the total mount of time of private education and the grade of college entrance examination.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.106-112
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the direct medical expenditure of community residents according to their physical activity level. The quota sampling method was used to select samples from a youth community center, senior center, community cultural center, and community recreational sports center in G city in Gyeongbuk-do. Of the 773 questionnaires distributed, 716 were completed. The questionnaires consisted of the demographic characteristics, regular exercise and physical activity levels, health status and medical costs. While the beneficial effect of regular exercise and physical activity on dental costs was not (significant), its effect on the costs of visiting hospital services was (significant). The mean differences in the total monthly direct medical expenditures on outpatient services and medicine for those with very high, high, moderate, low, and very low levels of physical activity were 7,500, 26,299, 47,517, 9,314, and 9,9978 won, respectively. The result of this study supported the findings of previous studies that regular exercise and physical activity. are not associated with the reduction of medical expenditure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.60-72
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in eating-out, dietary life styles, and healthy dietary competencies among middle-aged consumers according to obesity status and gender for implications of consumer education. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2016 Food Consumption Behavior Survey, and 3,022 subjects (mail 1,388; female 1,634) who were middle-aged adults were investigated. Analysis of variance with $Scheff\acute{e}$ test, t-test, $x^2$-test, and factor analysis were performed using SPSS v.24. Results: Males showed less interest in diet than females. For both males and females, higher BMI degrees were associated with higher levels of interest in diet. For frequency, monthly average consumption expenditure, one-time cost for eating out, and drinking frequency, males showed higher levels than females. Especially for the male group, higher obesity status was associated with higher levels of eating out and drinking. Dietary lifestyles of males and females turned out to be very similar. For the male group, normal weight group was more likely to show 'health and high quality pursuit dietary life-style' than the other groups. For females, the normal weight group were more likely to show 'health and high quality pursuit dietary life-style' and 'safety pursuit dietary life-style' than the other groups. The level of 'healthy dietary competence' for females was found to be higher than that for males. For the female group, there were significant differences according to obesity status, and practice was more important than knowledge in determining a healthy dietary life. Conclusion: For dietary life-related education for obese middle-aged consumers, it is important to emphasize less eating-out and drinking and less overeating while eating-out based on the results that eating-out, drinking, and overeating in the obesity group were significantly higher than in the normal group. It is important to focus on the value of dietary life and diverse foods, based on the results that the obesity group was less likely to be have healthy dietary lifestyles and consume less diverse foods than the normal group.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.247-267
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• 2006

This paper formulates a monopolistic competition model by incorporating Leontief product function into Dixit and Stigliz model to analyze and compare the effects of two environmental policy instruments-fuel efficiency regulation and environmental tax-on a market which reflects characteristics of international vehicle market. As expected, both policy instruments raise equilibrium market prices. The effect of fuel efficiency regulation on firm output, the number of firms, and industry output, however, depends on three determinants-the increasing rate of the ratio of consumer expenditure to the income, the increasing rate of fixed cost, and the increasing rate of marginal cost. On the other hand, the imposition of the specific environmental tax reduces the firm output, but does not influence the number of firms. If these two instruments are assumed to lead to the same increasing rate of marginal costs, the environmental tax reduces the firm output as well as the industry output more than the fuel efficiency regulation. And it will induce more firms to exit the market than the fuel efficiency regulation if the increasing rate of the ratio of consumer expenditure to the income is larger than the increasing rate of fixed cost.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.355-383
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• 2019

This study is to investigate whether averting costs for wearing $anti-PM_{10}$ masks and using air purifiers at home to reduce exposure from $PM_{10}$ are influenced by subjective risk perceptions and/or objective $PM_{10}$ concentration levels, whose estimates will be used to measure the willingness to pay for $PM_{10}$ risk reduction. An empirical analysis was conducted on a sample of 1,224 respondents who participated in the web-based survey in the late October of 2017. As we reflect the potential endogeniety bias in the estimation of averting cost functions of using air purifiers, the coefficients of risk perception were differed by 6~7 times. Respondents. subjective risk perceptions were influenced by individuals' knowledge, attitudes and demographic variables, as well as the levels of $PM_{10}$ concentrations in their residential region. The marginal willingness to pay for risk reductions at the mean levels of their risk perceptions were measured at 1,000 won per month from wearing $anti-PM_{10}$ masks and 6,000 won for using air purifiers respectively.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2015

An increase in patients' medical expenses for their injury. accident and intoxication is a major challenge to improve the sustain-ability of a national health security system, and increasing medical expenses need be suppressed through improving relevant systems and/or efficiently operating and managing the health insurance. At this juncture, in Korea which has a high rate of injury incidence and mortality, it is necessary to estimate social and/or economic costs for injuries with a focus on their social effects. This research has examined the results of a Korea medical panel investigation conducted in 2008, which largely surveyed of the actual conditions of outpatients' medical use for their injury, accident and/or intoxication and investigated relevant medical expenses, with a view to estimating the directly incurred costs when the patients use medical services and the production loss costs caused by an production decline and others, so that social and/or economic costs for injuries may be ultimately aggregated.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.745-766
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• 2009

It is not valid to measure the degree of market power based on the markup of price over marginal market cost in an industry for which the market price of some inputs is not available because those inputs are then excluded in estimating the dual total cost function. If the roles of those inputs are ignored, the markup of price over marginal market cost is likely to be positive in the perfectly competitive industry. In order to have accurate market power markups for the environmentally regulated Korean iron and steel industry, in which the market price of raw material and the price of abatement capital are hard to obtain, in this paper, a dual cost function is derived given the optimal quantities of raw material and abatement capital, and then estimated jointly with the supply relation. The annual average degree of market power for the industry is estimated to be 0.49 over the period 1982~2001. Ignoring environmental regulation would overstate the degree of market power by about 8 percent.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.239-270
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• 2017

This paper examines the relationship between ownership structure and the intensity of R&D expenditures of a firm by analyzing the panel data composed of 553 manufacturing firms in KSE(Korea Stock Exchange) and KOSDAQ listed firms for the period of 2007-2014. The major findings are as follows; (1) Regarding the relationship between CEO stockholding and R&D intensity, we find the inverted-U shape relationship in KOSDAQ firms, consistent with the theoretical discussion and empirical studies on U.S. firms. The result suggests that management stockholding reduces agency problem at the R&D margin. On the contrary, the insignificant result in KSE firms seems to be due to the scant stockholding of most 'non-owner' CEOs. (2) Regarding the relationship between the largest shareholder's portion and R&D intensity, KSE firms exhibit negatively significant relationship, suggesting the existence of serious agency problem between the largest shareholder and the minor shareholders. This agency problem seems to be alleviated in KOSDAQ firms mainly because the founders with technology expertise are still in charge of the business. (3) Foreign investors seem to fail in effectively encouraging R&D expenditures in either KSE or KOSDAQ listed firms. This study contributes to the existing literature by showing for the first time that ownership structure affects R&D activities in different ways between KSE and KOSDAQ firms.