• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2010

Green Growth was declared as a national development agenda in 2008. There are many contributing concepts and factors in the process of molding the agenda, such as climate change, sustainable development, globalization, the so-called 747 campaign pledges by President Lee in 2007, and the hunger for economic growth in Asia and the Pacific. Green Growth is rather growth-oriented and pays less attention to environmental conservation and social justice. Green Development would fit better as the name of the agenda, dealing with the weaknesses of Green Growth. Climate change itself is a testing ground for geographic knowledges, whose demand is growing rapidly. The contemporary issue increasingly bears complexity that Earth System Science and Sustainability Science have emerged as a research and applications program. Geography is widely recognized as a portal to these programs, where inter- and trans-disciplinary studies are required. Regional potentials should be evaluated from a holistic view so that proper development goals are chosen. Different development trajectory should be taken, depending on the amount of potential a region bears. Material loop should be closed for environmentally sound regions. Green way of life is essential for low carbon society. In the circumstances of climate change in Korean Peninsula and needing of energy efficiency, geographic insight or imagination is urgent for Green Development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.52-62
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• 2008

By analyzing specific plant distributions and physicochemical characteristics of topsoil in a reclaimed dredging area, baseline data was found of natural landscape planting sites, and developing dredged fill ground. The reclaimed dredging area is five different stands (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) which were examined in this research. They are located from sea level to 15 meters in altitude and exhibited typical characteristics of the salt marsh in Gwangyang Bay. Species with high constancy in the vegetation on the reclaimed soil were classified into four stages. A total of 12, 15, 22, 27 and 35 different plant species were found and also increased in stands 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Moving from stand 1 to 5, halophytes decreased and non-halophytes increased. Desalination at each stage of the reclaimed dredging area was a driving force affecting the performance and distribution of halophytes and non-halophytes. Overall, 35 quadrats of soil were selected and analyzed for specific physicochemical characteristics of topsoil between O${\sim}$20cm. Results of the physicochemical analysis such as altitude, slope, vegetation and kind of reclaimed dredging soil, exhibited irregular increases or decreases. As survey areas moved from stand 1 to 4, desalination areas, soil acidity, electric conductions, content of salinity, available phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, calcium, and magnesium indicated decreasing patterns; however, total nitrogen, silt, and clay content increased. Cluster analysis and PCA by environmental data within the stands clearly showed five distinct vegetation patterns on the tested reclaimed area. These results indicate that the differences of performance and distribution of vegetation are due to the SAR in the reclaimed soil and related to the natural survival strategy at the given hostile habitat.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.17-29
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• 2012

In order to improve a trip pattern in Mt. Halla climbing only to a summit, two trip programs with nature interpretation have been developed using the geomorphic characteristics of Mt. Halla which are distinct from those of mountains in the Korean peninsula. It also aims to help conservation of natural environment of Mt. Halla and to enhance the visitor satisfaction in Mt. Halla. The subalpine trip program is carried out on a 1.5 km-long trail between Wissaeoreum Hut and Janggumokoreum. Program participants are able to learn expertise about, and understand vulnerability of, a subalpine ecosystem, Consequently, the program can obtain an educational attainment getting them to recognize the necessity of preserving the subalpine zone of Mt. Halla as an important natural resource. The mountain river trip program is performed on a 1.5 km-long reach of Byeongmun River between Gwaneumsa trailhead and a gorge upstream of Gurin Cave. The program is capable of exhibiting effectively the river characteristics of Jeju Island using the geomorphic and hydrologic properties of Byeongmun River which differ from those of rivers in the Korean peninsula. Since the subalpine grassland and ephemeral stream of Mt. Halla are the visiting places which are rarely experienced in the Korean peninsula, the program participants can understand the regionality of Jeju Island as well as Mt. Halla through trip activities.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.412-418
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• 2007

The dynamics of Zacco platypus population of upstream and downstream in the lake Hoengseong, Korea were investigated from April to October 2005. Length-weight relationship, condition factor (K) and relative condition factor $(K_n)$ of Z. platypus were compared by the study stations. The equations based on length-weight relationship in the lake Hoengseong were $Log(T_w)=-2.2s+3.18{\cdot}Log(T_L)\;(r^2=0.99)$. The result in comparison of variations of Z. platypus populations, in lake was more remain to better than in upstream and downstream them. Also the b value, assessed by Length-weight relationship in lake was 3.36, in upstream and downstream were 3.09, 3.15, respectively indicating the fish in lake better than stream. The slopes of population condition controlled by K factor also showed positive relationship. It was higher in lake environment than in stream sample, reflecting that population of Z. platypus distributed in lake Hoengseong was favorable and stable condition. The lake environment seems to be providing more favorable condition for Z. platypus population.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.253-263
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• 2011

This study was conducted to gain preliminary data for restoration and management of constructed small-scale ponds in paddy fields through analysis of their physicochemical and biological properties. A field survey was performed at 13 small-scale ponds located in paddy fields from August 2009 to October 2010. Structural properties, water quality, soil characteristics and fish fauna were measured. Results showed that small-scale ponds without frames might lose their function over time because of crumbling walls. Therefore, it is necessary for these ponds to have frames for soil protection and sustainable maintenance. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentration were higher than the water quality standard for agricultural water in small-scale ponds. In particular, TN concentration was 8.03 mg $L^{-1}$ and over 8 times the water quality standard because of the presence of livestock such as cows and pigs in the study areas. Sand, organic matter and available phosphorus contents of soil in small-scale ponds was 53.4${\pm}$16.6%, 21.8${\pm}$9.74 g $kg^{-1}$ and 12.8${\pm}$7.59 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively indicating that sand and available phosphorus contents were suitable for plants in small-scale ponds, but organic matter contents was somewhat low in newly constructed small-scale ponds, and would take some time to stabilize for plant growing. Fish fauna was not diverse with only 4 species at all sites surveyed. Collected fishes share a common feature that they all inhabit paddy fields or canals with shallow water depth. In this study, all ponds were not linked to the streams and canals around them. It appears that connection to adjacent streams was the major factor controlling fish fauna in small-scale ponds. The results of statistical analysis were classified into three groups. Factor 1 was 26.3%, which shows a structural properties such as area and depth of small-scale pond. As for factor 2, it appears on 20.1%, showing water quality like a TP, suspended solids (SS) and COD. Small-scale ponds were classified into three groups by factor scores. Group I consisted of 6 small-scale ponds, which were larger than the others. Group III had higher water quality than the others. We conclude that the most important points to be considered for restoration and management of small-scale ponds is connection with adjacent streams or ditches and depth and size of the small-scale pond.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.spc
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• pp.28-38
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• 2019

Climate change on the Korean peninsula is progressing faster than the global average. For example, typhoons, extreme rainfall, heavy snow, cold, and heatwave that are occurring frequently. North Korea is particularly vulnerable to climate change-related natural disasters such as flooding and flooding due to long-term food shortages, energy shortages, and reckless deforestation and development. In addition, North Korea is classified as an unmeasured area due to political and social influences, making it difficult to obtain sufficient hydrologic data for hydrological analysis. Also, as interest in climate change has increased, studies on climate change have been actively conducted on the Korean Peninsula in various repair facilities and disaster countermeasures, but there are no cases of research on North Korea. Therefore, this study selects watershed characteristic variables that are easy to acquire in order to apply localization model to North Korea where it is difficult to obtain observed hydrologic data and estimates parameters based on meteorological and topographical characteristics of 16 dam basins in South Korea. Was calculated. In addition, as a result of reviewing the applicability of the parameter estimation equations calculated for the fifty thousand, Gangneungnamdaecheon, Namgang dam, and Yeonggang basins, the applicability of the parameter estimation equations to North Korea was very high.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.94-94
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• 2020

최근 정부의 신북방정책 추진에 따라 수자원분야에서는 동북아지역 국제 공유하천을 중심의 물 정보 및 연구협력 기회 확보와 지정학적 특성을 고려한 지역 현안해결 중심의 연구가 재조명 되고 있다. 두만강은 이러한 동북아의 중심에 위치하고 있으며, 중국, 북한, 러이사의 국경을 따라 흐르며 지역 수자원의 대부분을 공급하는 국제하천이다. 또한, 지난 2018년 5월에는 하구유역이 람사르(Ramsar) 습지로 승인됨에 따라 철새 등을 포함한 생태가치의 중요성도 크게 증가하였다. 하지만 이 지역은 유역의 지정학적 민감성과 접근이 제한된 관측 정보들로 인해 그 수자원·환경 효용성을 정확하게 파악할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라, 최근 기후변화에 따른 영향으로 홍수, 가뭄 등의 수재해와 수질오염 등의 문제가 발생하고 있어 가용한 기술기반의 직·간접적 접근을 통한 장기수문 및 환경변화 등에 대한 분석과 관리방안 수립 등의 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 미계측 두만강 유역을 대상으로 우선, 가용한 위성자료 및 광역지표모형(MERRA-2) 기반 NASA POWER(Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource) 수문기상 자료와 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 활용하여 장기 수문영향을 평가하고자 한다. SWAT 모형은 전 지구적으로 활용 가능한 격자 해상도 약 30m의 위성기반 수치표고모형(DEM), 광역 토양도, 지역 토지이용도 자료를 활용하여 두만강 유역을 전체 19개 소유역 및 18개 하도, 138개 HRUs의 수문분석 단위로 구축하였으며, 모의는 미국 NOAA NCDC(National Climate Data Center) 및 중국 CMDC(China Meteorological Data Service Center)의 주요 관측지점에서 선별한 총 13개소의 위치에 대해 재분석된 기후/기상자료들(NASA POWER 강수, 기온, 풍속, 상대습도 및 일사량)을 적용, 1990년에서 2019년까지의 30개년도 연속자료를 구축활용 하였다. 한편, 모형의 검·보정은 앞서 언급한 관측 자료의 부재로 과거 문헌 등을 통해 파악할 수 있는 연 단위 수자원 총량 등을 활용해 진행코자한다. 아울러, 향후는 최근 활용 가능한 장기 위성관측 강수량을 적용, 재분석 자료 결과와의 비교를 통해 상호 분석 오류를 줄여나갈 수 있을 것으로도 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.213-213
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• 2023

하천의 합류부는 두 하천이 만나 형성되는 지역으로 복잡한 혼합 거동을 보인다. 합류부에서는 실제로 수리 특성이 유황에 따라 다양하게 변화하고 수환경 특성도 함께 변화하며, 이로 인해 본류와 지류에 비해 다양한 생태학적인 종이 분포하는 등 환경적으로 중요구간 중 하나이다. 합류부의 혼합 거동을 이해하기 위해서는 다양한 유황에 따른 수체 혼합 거동을 2차류를 통해 분석하는 것이 중요하다. 해외의 경우 2차류의 패턴을 통해 합류부에서의 혼합 거동을 공간적으로 분석한바 있으나(Riley and Rhoads, 2012), 대부분의 연구들은 중·소규모의 하천을 대상으로 진행되어 대규모 하천에서의 확인은 미흡한 상태이다. 또한, 실제 현장에서 계측을 통한 데이터 획득과 후 처리의 어려움으로 인해 현재 국내에서는 2차류 패턴을 통해 대규모 하천 합류부의 혼합 거동을 확인한 사례는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 Sontek사의 ADCP를 통해 계측된 수리 데이터를 Rozovskii의 방법을 기반으로 한 2차류로 나타내 낙동강-금호강 합류부에서의 공간적인 수체 혼합을 확인하였다. 혼합거리를 판단하기 위해 합류 이후 혼합의 경계면(Shear Layer)에서 나타나는 2차류의 특이한 패턴(Helical motion)을 주요 지표(Index)로 사용하였다. 그리고, 수질 센서인 YSI EXO2의 수표면 전기전도도의 분포를 통해 합류부에서 본류와 지류의 혼합거리를 산정하였으며, 2차류의 패턴과 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 대규모 하천에서 2차류의 특이한 패턴이 존재함을 명확히 확인하였다. 본류와 지류의 모멘텀 비에 따라 서로 다른 패턴의 혼합양상을 2차류를 통해 확인할 수 있었으며, 2차류의 혼합 패턴과 전기전도도의 분포를 비교 분석하여 합류부에서의 혼합을 3차원적으로 해석하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.228-228
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• 2021

하천의 합류부는 서로 다른 지형학적 특성과 수리학적 특성을 가지는 두 개의 하천이 하나로 합쳐지는 구간으로 하천 생태계에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 구간 중 하나이다. 이러한 합류부 구간의 혼합의 영향을 분석하기 위해서는 지류에 유입에 따른 본류의 혼합이 발생하는 혼합거리에 대한 분석이 필요하다. 기존에 많은 연구들은 실측의 어려움으로 인해 이송-확산방정식을 활용한 수치 모의를 통해서 다양한 조건에 대한 혼합거리를 분석하였고, 최근에는 첨단 센싱 장비들을 활용하여 간헐적으로 측정된 실측자료를 기반으로 측정시기에 대한 혼합거리에 분석이 수행되고 있다. 하지만, 실무적으로 합류부에서 발생하는 혼합의 양상을 분석하기 위해서는 실제 혼합이 발생하는 혼합거리에 대해 시계열적인 변화를 통해 연중 혼합거리에 대한 분석을 통해서 유황에 따른 혼합거리에 대한 분석이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 본류와 지류의 유량비에 따른 혼합거리와의 관계식을 개발하여 유량비에 따른 혼합거리를 분석하여 시계열적인 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 대상지역은 황강과 낙동강의 합류부로 본류와 지류 관측소에서 측정된 유량자료를 활용하여 10분 단위로 측정된 유량비를 산정하였고, 측정시기별로 수행된 합류부 혼합거리 모니터링 결과를 활용하여 관계식을 통한 조견표의 만들어 측정시기의 유량비에 따른 혼합거리에 변화에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 그리고 수행된 결과를 바탕으로 유황에 따른 혼합거리를 분석하였고, 최대 혼합이 발생하는 거리에 대한 분석을 수행하여 합류부에서 발생하는 연중 혼합거리에 대한 분석을 수행할 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.364-373
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• 2009

We evaluated stream health, based on integrative approaches of qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI), chemical water quality and the index of biological integrity (IBI) using fish assemblages in Daejeon Stream during August 2004 - October 2007. The QHEI values in this study averaged 78.2 (n=28, range: 47$\sim$124), indicating "fair" condition based on the criteria of US EPA (1993). The highest value was in the headwater site (S1) that was 112 (good), whereas the value in S3, mid and downstream was SS (fair-poor) that was the lowest owing to a disturbance on the bed and an artificial bank. Concentrations of chemical parameters such as BOD, TP and conductivity increased from the upstream to the downstream due to higher inputs of organic matters and nutrients from the urban area. Conductivity and TP showed a dilution of stream water by rainwater during summer monsoon. Analysis of fish compositions showed that total number of species was 24 and Zacco platypus was predominated (82%). The mean IBI was 17 (range: 12$\sim$30) during four years and the IBI values also decreased from S1 to S4. These results indicated that ecological health was degradated distinctly as the stream goes down through the city-center. We concluded that Daejeon Stream running through the city are influenced by chemical impact such as an influx of domestic sewage as well as the quality of habitat.