• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.23
• /
• pp.39-51
• /
• 2008

Adding chemical additives in bamboo paper making procedure in China became common in last decades to increase productivity. Supply of repair paper for paper based artefacts became more and more difficult due to this tendency. Furthermore, stains and spots on paper which happen to appear during dying procedure make it difficult to use modern bamboo paper for repair treatment. In this research, lime fermentation and sun bleaching were main elements which affect texture and color of paper. Impurities, however, add some effects on paper quality. Less thouroughly washed raw materials after fermentation also affects texture of paper substrate. One most significant impurity is lime. Minimum residue of lime can make stains and spots after dying. Reproduction of white bamboo paper would become useful resource in various conservation treatments as a repair paper, and also, for reproduction of paper woven painting. However, further research to improve quality at early stage of paper making procedure in China required.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.44-61
• /
• 2015

The research on the conservation of the movable modern and contemporary cultural heritage have been actively performed internationally since late 20th century. In this study, the international research trends of movable modern and contemporary cultural heritage conservation in last decades were analyzed. Setting up the range of the period, research papers were collected through various databases based on the systematic literature review process. Samples of 45 domestic papers and 505 foreign papers were classified by materials as books and paper, metals, textiles and fibers, photographs and audio-visuals, woods, plastics and ceramics and glass. The types of treated artifacts, detailed materials of the treated artifacts, and the research subjects were investigated from each paper. The data were compiled statistically and analyzed. Number of papers are published domestically in the book and paper conservation and metals conservation fields, but there are needs for more diversified artifact types and extensive research subjects. The researches in foreign countries are active in conservation of organic materials such as paper, textile and photographs and deal with various research subjects on not only treatment techniques and elemental analysis but also preventive conservation and conservation ethics. It is expected that this study would contribute to the field as a preliminary data on the conservation of modern and contemporary cultural heritage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.46-59
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted focusing on the stability on materials of cultural property when the fumigant containing ethylene oxide was applied among some kinds of fumigant. Four kinds of specimens from paper, textile, metal and pigment were prepared to compare color difference, weight, surface condition before and after treatment and FT-IR analysis was carried out on specimens of paper and textile. In the case of fumigation treatment, it was conducted by two groups : one is made up of specimens with the non-fumigation as control groups, the other is made up of specimens treated with ethylene oxide + $HFC_{134a}$ and ethylene oxide + $CO_2$ as experimental groups. The result of color difference showed that there were color differences on the specimens of Hanji(Korean traditional paper), silver, cotton, ramie and yellow pigment. Especially, it was found out there was color change more than 6.0 on average from the silver specimen. However, in the silver specimen's case, color change in the non-fumigated specimen was relatively higher than those of fumigant-treated specimens, therefore, it is judged that fumigant doesn't have a decisive effect on color change in specimens, but required caution while fumigating. The result of weight measurement, there were totally 0~2% weight changes and the slightest change was found in the metal specimen, the biggest change in the papers. The result of microscopic observation on the surface of specimens showed color changes and especially, the biggest change on the silver specimen was observed. But no change in components was identified from FT-IR analysis of papers and textiles.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.11-15
• /
• 2006

This work aims to clarify the character and selection of repair papers, based on fibre orientation information of paper cultural properties under restoration; using nondestructive image analysis applied to micrographs of paper surfaces. Image analysis using fast Fourier transform with suitable modifications was demonstrated to be an effective means to determine angle and intensity of fiber orientation as a nondestructive method. In the case of contemporary repair papers, the Japanese handmade paper exhibited a high anisotropy value, while the Korean handmade papers exhibited low anisotropy values. Korea and Japanese traditional hand making papers were well distinguished. Korea and Japanese papers made in the traditional ways showed its own characteristic orientation behavior in accordance with the motion of a bamboo wire.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.33
• /
• pp.19-32
• /
• 2012

Paper relics, which are made of natural ingredients, are more likely to be damaged by a compendium of complicated causes (e.g., physical, chemical, and biological causes) rather than by a sole cause. In December 2009, Culture Heritage Conservation Science Center discovered several damages in paper relics related to Chungmugong Yi Sunsin, and requested for conservation treatment from the Hyeonchungsa Shrine office. By conducting a comprehensive research to determine the damage level of each artifact, the center was able to establish a proper conservation method, and for two years after its completion of such research in 2010, it has been conducting treatment. This study suggests the proper ways to select adequate conservation treatment based on the type of paper relics - Documents and Books - through the case of artifacts related to Chungmugong Yi, Sunsin. Even though the conservation treatment on paper relics can suppress damaging speed and prevent another damages, it is impossible to stop aging process of relics. Therefore regular inspection is essential for prevent second damage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 2014

Low oxygen treatment and heating treatment are used to prevent insects in the field of food science. These eco-friendly control methods can be applied to biological control technique in conservation treatment of organic cultural properties. To evaluate material stability, low-oxygen treatment and low oxygen treatment are applied to wood, pigment, paper and textile that are related to historical wooden buildings. As a result, wood moisture content declined after low oxygen treatment. But decline rate is a little, so it can be expected to turn back original state as time passes. And test result on pigment, paper, textile of chrominance and strength of test materials are stable. But after heating treatment, pigments are separated.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.96-131
• /
• 2015

Hanji(Korean traditional paper) is a valuable cultural heritage highly praised, even to this date, for its importance and technology by craftsmanship of our ancestors; it is a product of a combination of craftsmanship, well-established technologies, natural paper mulberry fiber and eco-friendly and durable natural materials and mucilages. Origin of the word 'Hanji(Korean traditional paper)' is from handmade paper made of bast part of the paper mulberry; as paper manufacturing with paper machines introduced in Japan was adopted in late Joseon, paper produced previously was called 'Hanji' and paper produced with western machines was called 'Yangji(machine made paper)'. Hanji has been called by many different names and used in various ways according to materials and production methods; and the functions varied. Hanji, from the era of three states to Joseon era, has been praised for its unique and excellent quality in three Asian countries(Korea, China and Japan); its unique excellence continues to this date in many paper-related national cultural heritages. Also total of 11 cases are registered to UNESCO Memory of the World for its importance, 8 of which are associated with traditional Korean paper: Hunminjeongeum, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Jikjisimcheyojeol, Seungjeongwon Ilgi, the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty, Donguibogam, Ilseongnok and A War Diary. To examine excellent characteristics of conservation science in Hanji, many studies have been developed. By developing analysis and manufacturing technologies, the excellence of our Hanji should be re-verified scientifically and the tradition should continue as one of the representative Korean cultural heritages.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.106-119
• /
• 2014

The $76^{th}$ National Treasure is consisted of seven volumes of Nanjung Ilgi (War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin; each titled by the author based on the zodiac name of the year covered, i.e. Imjin Ilgi, Gyesa Ilgi, Gabo Ilgi, Byeongsin Ilgi, Jeongyu Ilgi, Sok Jeongyu Ilgi, Musul Ilgi), Seogancheob (Letters of Admiral Yi) and Imjin Jangcho (Drafts of Imjin War Reports of Admiral Yi). These are currently in the custody of Hyeonchungsa shrine, the state-managed memorial shrine of Admiral Yi, and has been added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in June 2013 in the appreciation of its historical and academic importance as a commander's hand-written battlefield accounts during Japanese invasions of Korea. Imjin Jangcho, among these nine volumes, is a record of battles, including observations on the enemy fleets, suggestions on naval matters, battle expenditure, and methods of battle preparation, transcribed by someone else according to Admiral Yi's instructions. It is Admiral Yi's honest detailobservations on the war situation during Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 as a Naval Commander of Left Jeolla Province, till 1594 (Year 27 of King Seonjo's reign) as a Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of the South. It is a draft of the war report to be submitted to the King in a single volume as a folio (each sheet folded once to produce one leaf) bound in a side-stitched binding with five holes and inner binding of twisted paper. This study explores the condition and the treatment performed on Imjin Jangcho which could have an implication for the conservation of cultural assets on paper of late Joseon Dynasty.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.34
• /
• pp.20-29
• /
• 2013

Paper, textile and wood materials are mainly consisted of cellulose. Cellulose is high molecule and make up the strong crystalline structure by hydrogen bonds. In particular, the polymerization degree of cellulose are closely related to the strength of fiber, and the permanence. the useful life of fiber, also depends on the degradation of this substance. The viscosity of cellulose is considered to be an important indicator of fiber damage in high molecule polymers. The viscosity measurements with CED solution is used to measure the molecular weight and the degree of polymerization of cellulose. Cellulose viscosity of wood fibers is measured with TAPPI standard method T230. However, TAPPI standard method T230 is difficult to completely dissolving the cellulose of high molecular weight and large degree of polymerization, such as Korea traditional papers and fabrics made with mulberry, ramie, cotton fibers. In this study, The high viscosity of hanji and fabric was measured with TAPPI standard method T254. T254 method is that the cellulose specimen with the proper amount of weaker (0.167M CED) solution, and completely dissolved with the stronger (1.0M CED) solution. It was found that cellulose with high degree of polymerization was dissolved more easily in general CED method.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.457-466
• /
• 2017

The aim of this study is to analyze the research trends on Hanji (Korean traditional paper) in the academic literatures based on the purpose, content, and findings of various studies, and to present a direction for future research. Research papers published in 12 academic journals over the past 51 years (1965-2016) were collected using 167 key-words for the search, and of them, 178 papers were selected for analysis. Statistical analysis of these papers based on year, research content, and discipline to understand and quantify the research trend. Revealed that the frequency of the published research paper was generally proportional by number of research projects in domestic government departments. They also indicated that while there were several studies on property valuation or functionality improvement of Hanji based on experiments, research was lacking in the areas of observation, analysis, case studies, and status survey of Hanji. The present study provides basic data for establishing the direction of research on Hanji.