• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.3-9
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• 1999

This paper presents the study on the rejection capability based on anti-phone modeling for vocabulary independent speech recognition system. The rejection system detects and rejects out-of-vocabulary words which were not included in candidate words which are defined while the speech recognizer is made. The rejection system can be classified into two categories by their implementation methods, keyword spotting method and utterance verification method. The keyword spotting method uses an extra filler model as a candidate word as well as keyword models. The utterance verification method uses the anti-models for each phoneme for the calculation of confidence score after it has constructed the anti-models for all phonemes. We implemented an utterance verification algorithm which can be used for vocabulary independent speech recognizer. We also compared three kinds of means for the calculation of confidence score, and found out that the geometric mean had shown the best result. For the normalization of confidence score, usually Sigmoid function is used. On using it, we compared the effect of the weight constant for Sigmoid function and determined the optimal value. And we compared the effects of the size of cohort set, the results showed that the larger set gave the better results. And finally we found out optimal confidence score threshold value. In case of using the threshold value, the overall recognition rate including rejection errors was about 76%. This results are going to be adapted for stock information system based on speech recognizer which is currently provided as an experimental service by Korea Telecom.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.211-231
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• 2003

In this study, first, current state and future prospects of indirect real estate investment systems after foreign exchange crisis are analyzed, and second, policy alternatives for activating indirect real estate investment markets are examined. After foreign exchange crisis, various indirect real estate investment systems, such as REITs, ABS and CRC, were introduced. Present market size of indirect real estate investment is not larger than expected. The reasons are the problems of incomplete system on the one hand, and real estate market conditions on the other hand. But long term prospects of indirect real estate investment markets may not be pessimistic. Considering the positive effects of indirect real estate investment systems to the real estate and financial markets, policy supports for activating indirect real estate investment market may be needed. The representative alternatives are reconciliation and integration of indirect real estate investment systems, upgrading the infrastructure of real estate industry, and activating the networks between indirect real estate investment markets and related markets such as financial makets, capital markets, restructuring markets.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

Using 1795 observations from the 5 year-359 firm panel data collected during the period from 2009 to 2013 in Chinese stock exchanges, this study examines the impact of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenditure. This empirical study finds that when firms are state-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership has a U shaped relation with the level of R & D expenses. A non-linear relation is also found when piece-wise regression models are applied. This empirical study also finds that when firms are private-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership is negatively related to the level of R & D expenses, and no structural changes in the relation are found when piece-wise regression models are applied. These results support the hypothesis that the effects of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenses may differ depending on the ownership type of the controlling shareholders. This finding suggests that the differences in the controlling shareholders' incentives due to their ownership type should be considered when exploring the relation between the controlling shareholders' ownership and corporate strategic decisions.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.24
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• pp.79-96
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• 2005

1. 연구배경과 문제제기 - 보험시장의 환경변화 : 보험업법 개정, 방카슈랑스 도입, 고(高)보장성 생존급부(CI, LTC)상품의 등장, 통신판매 전문보험회사의 설립 허용 - 현행 언더라이팅 시스템의 문제점 : 위험난이도와 판매 채널별 특성이 고려되지 않고 언더라이터에 전건 배정 되어 업무의 효율성이 낮음 - 보험시장의 환경변화에 맞는 EUS(Expert Underwriting System) 도입으로 언더라이팅의 효율성을 증대하고자함 2. 국내/외 생보사 언더라이팅 시스템 현황 비교 및 개선방안 - 국내 언더라이팅 시스템 현황 : 청약서 입력/스캔 후 진단 및 적부 유무(有無)에 따라 자동으로 언더라이터에게 심사가 배정됨 - 미국 언더라이팅 시스템 현황 : EUS에 의한 1차 전산승낙여부 결정 후(後)언더라이터에게 심사가 배정됨 - 위험난이도의 고저(高低)와 관계없이 언더라이터에 배정되는 심사시스템의 문제점을 극복하고 체계적인 위험평가를 위해 EUS도입이 필요함 3. EUS 선행요건 - 고객정보의 확보 - 국내 생보사의 고객정보 수집원 : 청약서, 모집인 보고서, 건강진단서,적부조사, 보험사고정보조회시스템 (ICPS), 고액보험 및 상해보험 중복가입자에 대한 정보 교환제도 - 북미 생보사의 고객정보 수집원 : 청약서, 모집인 보고서, 의사소견서 및 진료기록서, 건강검진, 적부조사, 정보교환제도( 북미보험사간 의료정보 공유-MIB) - 정확한 고객정보의 확보방안 : 법률/제도의 정비, 청약서 질문 내용의 세분화, 의료정보교환제도의 구축 4. EUS 개요 및 현황 - EUS의 정의: 고객의 정보를 입력하여 청약부터 보험증권 발행 단계까지 One-Stop 서비스를 제공하는 것으로 언더라이터가 청약서를 가지고 언더라이팅 하는 것과 동일한 업무를 할 수 있는 전문가 시스템 - EUS의 장점: (1) 비용절감 및 인력의 효율적 활용 (2) 업무별 시스템화 되는 조직속성에 적합함. (3) 언더라이팅 정책이 경영 환경 변화에 대처하는데 신속함 - 국외 EUS 현황 (예: Cologne Re) 및 사례연구 5. 위험분류 및 EUS 개요현황 (언더라이팅 시스템 도입) - 위험관리 선행요건으로 위험요소별 분류가 체계적으로 수립되어야 함. - 데이터웨어하우스 (의사결정을 목적으로 설계된 조회와 분석이 가능한 통합된 정보저장소) 시스템 사용 - EUS 도입을 통한 언더라이팅 프로세스: 데이터마이닝 과정을 통해 "자동승낙, 언더라이터에게 심사배정, 적부의뢰, 진단의뢰, 텔레 언더라이터, 보완지시"등이 결정됨. 6. 판매채널별 EUS 활용방안 - 대면채널: 효용성 높은 정보제공과 정확한 위험분석이 가능한 시스템으로 고(高)보장, 고(高)위험 상품에 대해 언더라이터가 집중 심사 할 수 있게 함. - 방카슈랑스: 3S(간결, 신속, 서비스)의 특성에 맞는 전과정 무인자동심사시스템 - 비대면채널: 판매상품과 타겟시장을 명확히 한 후 도덕적 위험과 재무적 위험에 대한 평가시스템 및 의사결정 시스템을 도입 7. 결론 - EUS 도입의 기대효과 (1) 심사기일의 단축으로 고객만족 실현 (2) 체계적 과학적 리스크 관리로 위험률차익 증대에 기여 (3) 업무효율의 증대와 언더라이터의 역량강화 (4) CRM 활용증대와 모바일 청약시스템 구축의 근간 - EUS 도입시 경제적 법률적 제도적 문제 극복과 생보 업계 공동의 관심과 노력이 필요함 - EUS를 활용하여 종합적.체계적 리스크 관리가 가능한 금융회사로의 경쟁력 향상에 기여함.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.302-314
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• 2011

In today's fast changing management environment, new role of leaders is being emphasized for survival of companies, and organizational achievement must be maximized by using servant leadership strategically. Data were collected from the sample of 435 employee employed service. All analysis were conducted using LISREL 8.30. The research studies how servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior through psychological empowerment. The result is as follows. First, it is found that, among the servant leadership's behavior characters, except for empathy and ethics, growth, vision and community building are found to be variables that increase psychological empowerment. Secondly, it is fund that psychological empowerment of organization's members has positive correlation on organizational citizenship behavior. Thirdly, it is found that among the servant leadership's behavior characters, except for empathy and ethics, growth, vision and community building are found to have meaningful positive influence over organized citizens' behavior through psychological empowerment. Likewise, the result means the servant leadership increases organizational citizenship behavior of the members through empowerment. For servant leadership to promote organizational citizenship behavior, it is suggested to emphasize empowerment. In other words, it is important to empower subordinates for servant leadership to make more useful and complete achievement in the organization.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.259-281
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• 2018

Advocates of mandatory IFRS adoption claim that IFRS increase financial statement comparability, which in turn leads to greater cross-border investment(Securities and Exchange Commision, 2008). The notion is that improved financial statement comparability reduces the information acquisition costs of global investors and thereby increase their investment in foreign firms. The purpose of this study is to examine this assertion by examining whether the K-IFRS adoption rusults in improved comparability that leads to increased investment by foreign investment. We also examined whether the relation between comparability and foreign investment has strengthen after adoption of K-IFRS. To achieve the purpose of our study, we measure Korean firms comparability using stock price model, stock return model and cash flow from operation model by Barth et al.(2012). We use both foreign ownership in the end of year and average during the year for dependent variables were to reduce bias. We test our hypothesis using 1,817 firm-year observation of KOSPI firms during the period of our analysis, 2011-2015. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find K-IFRS adoption results in a greater increase in foreign investment in firms with high comparability firms. This result indicate that the adoption of K-IFRS intends to achieve the international accounting convergence as stated in the roadmap and to reduce the Korea Discount.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.163-175
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to provide an efficient internal control system formation incentives for company and to confirm empirically usefulness of the internal accounting control system for financial institutions by analyzing whether the internal control vulnerabilities of companies related significantly to the classification and assessment of soundness of financial institutions. Empirical analysis covered KOSPI, KOSDAQ listed companies and unlisted companies with more than 100 billion won of assets which have trading performance with "K" financial institution from 2008 until 2013. Whereas non-internal control vulnerability reporting companies by the internal control of financial reporting received average credit rating of BBB on average, reporting companies received CCC rating. And statistically significantly, non-reporting companies are classified as "normal" and reporting companies are classified as "precautionary loan" when it comes to asset quality classification rating. Therefore, reported information of internal control vulnerability reduced the credibility of the financial data, which causes low credit ratings for companies and suggests financial institutions save additional allowance for asset insolvency prevention and require high interest rates. It is a major contribution of this study that vulnerability reporting of internal control in accordance with the internal control of financial reporting can be used as information significant for the evaluation of financial institutions on corporate soundness.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.62-65
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• 2001

1997년과 1998년 4월 1일자의 M&A제한규정이었던 증권거래법 제200조의 철폐와 적대적 M&A의 전면허용 그리고 외국자본의 투자제한의 간소화 등 규제완화조치와, 향후 외국인에 대해서 100%까지 주식을 매입할 수 있는 적대적 M&A가 허용될 것으로 보여 우리나라에서도 M&A활동이 보다 본격화 될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 우리나라에서는 1980년대부터 M&A에 대한 관심과 연구가 시작되면서 지금까지 기업합병ㆍ인수의 동기와 효과에 대해서 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 지금까지의 연구내용은 대부분 기업의 M&A동기는 시너지효과를 얻기 위함이며, 또한 공시정보가 합병공시일 전후동안에 주가수익율에 반영되어 합병 당사기업의 주주의 부에 영향을 미치는지의 주가변화 유무에 국한된 것이었다. 또한 1985년부터 1991년 초 사이에 이루어졌던 연구는 당시 국내 M&A 환경이 매우 열악하고 극히 제한된 비정상적인 자본시장 상황 하에서 이루어진 사례에 의한 연구이었기 때문에 연구결과의 문제점과 한계성이 있었고, 실효성 측면에서도 다소 미흡하였다고 할 수 있다. 우리나라 M&A의 성장발전과정을 크게 2단계로 분류한다면, 제1단계는 1975년부터 시작하여 1990년까지로써 이 기간동안의 M&A환경은 그 여건조성과 성숙준비단계였으며, 제2단계인 1990년 초부터 비로소 선진국형 시장경제원리에 근거한 보다 경쟁적이고 자율적인 M&A 시장구조가 형성되면서 활성화 단계로 진입하였다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구의 주된 목적은 1990년부터 1996년 사이에 이루어진 상장기업의 M&A 사례를 표본으로 하여 한국에서의 기업합병과 기업인수(주식취득)가 기업가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 먼저, M&A 당사기업의 합병성과 발생과 차이 유무를 주가수익율을 측정하여 실증분석하고 다음으로 M&A에 따른 시너지의 잠재적 원천이 어디에 있는지 재무성과분석을 통해서 이를 실증하는데 목적이 있다.PA-designated retailers ("sellers") must accept end-of-life items returned to them by the consumers. At the local level, Taipei City implements a pay-as-you-throw program, whereby citizens pay waste collection and treatment fees through the purchase of special trash bags approved by the Taipei City Government. However. recyclables that are separated by citizens are collected free-of-charge by the City. Taichung City and Kaohsiung City, on the other hand, enforce mandatory sorting schemes, whereby citizens face penalties if they don't separate recyclables from the trash before pick-up. These programs have resulted in a significant reduction in municipal waste. Per capita waste collected per day has dropped from 1.143 kg in 1997 to 0.978 kg in 2000. Targeting a 10% recycling rate for municipal waste in 2001. EPA plans to research and develop new recycling techniques, expand the scope of producer responsibilities, and strengthen existing mu

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.379-389
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• 2019

The study empirically investigates financial factors that may influence on corporate R&D intensity during the post-era of the global financial turmoil (from 2010 to 2015) to mitigate possible spillover effect associated with the crisis. Concerning the empirical research settings of the study, chaebol firms listed in the KOSPI stock market are used as sample data with adopting various econometric estimation methods to enhance validity of the results. In the first hypothesis test, it is found that there exist inter-industry financial differences in terms of the ratio of R&D expenditure across all the sample years, but the statistical differences may arise from only a few domestic industries beloning to the high-growth sector. Moreover, it is also interesting to identify that, for the high-tech sector, 3 explanatory variables such as R&D intensity in a prior year, firm size and change in cash holdings are proved to be financial factors to discriminate between chaebol firms and their counterparts of non-chaebol firms, whereas a proportion of tangible assets over total assets as well as the former two variables are shown to be significant factors on the R&D intensity for the low-tech sector.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.287-294
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• 2018

This thesis covers legal aspects of the crypto-currency exchange and the legal rights of crypto-currencies holders. Unlike financial markets in which central authorities or intermediaries determine the validity of transactions and manage records, crypto-currency markets utilize a decentralization system based on block chain technology. Such distinct characteristics distinguish crypto-currency from currency, notes, or financial instruments. Therefore, we need to check closely the legal principles that are applicable to crypto-currency. Crypto-currency users possess rights indirectly through the crypto-currency exchange. However, we should look at whether crypto-currency can be an object of ownership. This research found that legal protection for crypto-currency exchanges are limited. Domestic laws have many shortcomings to protect users' rights. This study found that users who incurred damages due to internet computation errors at exchanges require a protective system like stock markets. Therefore, studies on the legal controls and system regulations are required to protect users' rights. Also, crypto-currency information exchanges keep inside and protections for users' private information need to be further examined.