• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.133-137
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• 2005

To investigated the variation of marine environments due to set up of artificial structure, we carried out field observations. High temperature and salinity waters were distributed clearly in the southeastern part of study area during summer season. The variation of current structure was also occurred around study area where artificial structure set up. In 2005 after set up of artificial structure, the nutrient concentration increased greater than that in 2002 before set up artificial structures. To illustrate the characteristics of marine environment due to set up of artificial structure, quantitative analyses on the effect of artificial structure are important.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.121-131
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• 1989

Cold water observed at sea surface near the southeastern coast of Korea in summers 1982 and 1983 was studied by using data of hydrography, sea level, wind and satellite image. In summer season when water column shows 3-layered structure a "full" upwelling occurs by southwesterly transient wind continuing for several days. During upwelling event, surface water of high temperature moved offshore, middle water of low temperature outcropped to the sea surface, and sea level was lowered, however, equilibrium depth of surface layer was not changed. It may be concluded that cold water at the surface originates from middle layer and strong surface front is a result of surfacing of seasonal thermocline. In order to see the relationship between position of surface front and wind input, a model of Csanady (1982) was applied in a rigid lid approximation. The results show that frontal position can be determined by wind input and water structure near the southeastern coast of Korea. Cold water in summer can appear at the sea surface only when there is wind larger than a minimum wind impulse of order $10m^2/sec$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2000

The ecological characteristics of 10 natural stands of Dendropanax morbifera(Haenam, Wando 1, Wando 2, Bogildo, Kemundo and Hongdo and Sendol, Suoak, Hannam, and Kidowon populations in Cheju island) were studied. In most of the Dendropanax morbifera natural stands, the following tree species appeared predominantly : Camellia japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. sieboldii, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus acute and Eurya japonica. Especially, Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica appeared in all the stands. Dendropanax morbifera occupied 17.2% of the upper story, 12.9% of the middle story, and 10.3% of the lower story, respectively. The distribution patterns by Morisita's Index showed that Dendropanax morbifera was distributed randomly in all of the three stories, i.e. the upper, the middle and the lower stories. Dendropanax morbifera was positively associated with Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Carpinus laxiflora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Ligustrum japonicum, Callicarpa Japonica, Castanopsis cuspidate var. thunbergii, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Acer palmatum and Euonymus oxyphyllus. This might suggest that the ecological niche is similar to each other. The cluster analysis using percent dissimilarity(PD) based on species composition divided into two groups. One group consisted of the populations located along the south-western coasts. The other group consisted of the populations of Cheju island. This result was agree with that of ordination analysis. From these results, We could find out that the species composition of the populations of Dendrapanax morbifera in Cheju island was quite different from those of other regions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2006

Vegetation structure of Samchang, Bongmyeong, Kabjeong, Danbong coal mine and control site was investigated to provide basic information on vegetation rehabilitation of abandoned coal mine lands in Mungyeong. Gyeongbuk Province. The middle and lower layer consisted of 3 and 10 species for Samchang, 2 and 5 species for Bongmyeong, 7 and 11 species for Kabjeong, 9 and 12 species for Danbong coal mine, and 15 and 17 species appeared for control site, respectively. Importance value of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya in lower layer was the highest for in Samchang, and that of Rubus crataegifolius in other coal mine lands wast he highest. Importance value in herbaceous layer was the highest for Arundinella hirta in Samchang, for Corchoropsis tomentosa in Bongmyeong, for Miscanthus sinensis in Kabjeong, for Carex lanceolata and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis in Danbong coal mines, and Calamagrostis arundinacea in control site was the highest, respectively. Species diversity of middle and lower layer for four coal mine lands ranged from 0.201 to 0.666 and 0.612 to 0.895, respectively. Evenness of lower layer ranged from 0.683 to 0.875 for four coal mine lands, and it was 0.990 for control site.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

Even though the structural safety is confirmed in the design stage, the structural safety is not guaranteed in the construction stage because the structural system is not completed. In addition, since the construction period is shorter than the period of use of the building after completion, it is excessive to apply the same seismic load to the construction stage as in the design stage. ASCE 37-14 presents the concept of seismic load reduction factor during construction, but does not provide a clear application method. Therefore, in this study, the seismic load reduced according to the return period was applied to the example model of a residential middle-rise RC building. The construction stage of the example model was divided into five-story units, and seismic load with the change of the return period was applied to the construction stage models to analyze the change of seismic load during construction and to check the sectional performances of structural members. By comparing the design strength ratio of the shear wall at the design stage and the construction stage, the range of seismic load magnitudes that can assure the safety during construction of a residential middle-rise RC building was analyzed in terms of the return period.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.266-274
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• 1999

Vertical CTDT measurement at one point near tidewater glacier of fjord-head in Marian Cove, a tributary embayment of Maxwell Bay, South Shetland Islands was performed for 24 hours during the austral summer (January 21-22, 1998) to present water-column properties and SPM (suspended particulate matter) dispersal pattern in subpolar glaciomarine setting. Marian Cove shows three distinct water layers: 1) cold, freshened, and highly turbid surface plume in the upper 2 m, 2) warm, saline, and relatively clean Maxwell Bay water between 15-35 m in water depth, and 3) cold and turbid mid plume between 40-65 m in water depth. The surface plume is composed of silt-sized clastie particles mixed with flocculated biogenic detritus, and appears to originate from either supraglacial discharge by meltwater streams along the coast or water fall of ice cliff. Freshened and turbid mid plume consists exclusively of silt-sized clastic particles, resulting from subglacial discharge beneath the tidewater glacier. The disappearance of the two turbid plumes during the earlier period of measurement seems to be largely due to the breakup of the plumes by upwelling caused by strong easterly wind (> 8 m $sec^{-1}$). Thus, wind coupling over tidal effects regionally plays a major role in dispersal pattern of SPM as well as water exchange in Marian Cove.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

The ultrastructures of the fertilized egg envelope from Hyphessobrycon serpae belonging to Characidae was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopes to get systematic fundamental data for classification of species and to confirm whether micropyle is a common trait of Characidae or not. The fertilized egg was of colorless, transparent, spherical, adhesive and demersal type. There were not oil droplets in vitelline membrane and attached structures in the outside of fertilize egg envelope. The egg envelope had a single micropyle resembling the pathway of sperm in the area of the animal pole. The micropyle was surrounded by 13 to 15 protruded lines of the egg envelope in a radiated form. The outer surface of fertilized egg envelope was covered by reticular adhesive fibrous structures and irregularly arranged by pore canals. The fertilized egg envelope consisted of three distinct layers an outer adhesive fibrous layer with high electron density, a middle layer with pore canals, and an inner layer consisting of 6 to 7 lamellae alternating layers with interlamellae of lower electron density. These ultrastructural characters of fertilized egg envelope form Hyphessobrycon serpae can be utilized in taxonomy of teleost, and as fundamental data for study on early development of fertilized egg. It seems that the morphology of micropyle is a common trait of Characidae

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.6 no.10
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 여러 기판에 대한 Cu의 확산정도를 알기 위하여 Ta, Nb, Co/Ta이중층 및 Co/Nb 이중층 위에 기화법으로 증착하고 열처리를 실시하였다. 열처리한 Ta막은 열처리하지 않은 Ta막보다 Cu 확산방지막으로서의 성능이 더 떨어지는데, 이것은 열처리에 의하여 Ta막이 결정화되기 때문이다. Cu/Co/Ta/(001)Si 구조에서의 구리 실리사이드 생성온도는 Cu/Co/Ta(001)Si 구조에서의 그것보다 더 높다. 한편, nb의 Cu에 대한 barrier 특성은 Ta와 비슷한 수준이다. 또한 Cu막 도포 이전에 Pd+HF활성화 전처리나 N2플라즈마 전처리를 실시하면, Cu의 핵생성뿐만 아니라 기판에 대한 Cu막의 접착성도 향상된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.447-455
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• 1995

Regeneration process of a mongolian oak forest in Bukam-Ryeong area, Mt. Jumbong, Kangwon-Do, was studied in relation to its structure. The dominant trees of the stands came up beyond 10m in height. The upper-tree layer was highly dominated by oaks, and they distributed horizontally in random. Oak trees of the middle layer and the lower layer were few in number and small in basal area, and tended to be distributed contagiously. In the trees of the upper layer, the distribution of the age tended to be two modal type which has the mode of 70 and 230 years in plot. In the horizontal distribution of these trees, some of the even-aged cluster which were constituted of several trees, were found. The rate of the stern diameter increment during first 25 years of the oaks in upper layer were higher than those of the same species in the middle layer. These results showed that after the forest canopy had been broken out, the seedlings which were established in dense there grow with the decreasing density and some of these, of which distribution became in random, would constitute the canopy.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.222-251
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the characteristics of the ancient tombs discovered in the Gyeongju site and discusses the direction of the excavation. There are six special features of the wooden chamber tomb covered with stone in Gyeongju. First, confirmation of the above-ground type and the underground type burial mound. Second, confirmation of the construction such as the partition of mound and the pile of stone structure. Third, confirmation of the frontal part structure of the protect stone such as pebble-stone layer, boundary stone. Fourth, confirmation of the relationship before and after the mound. Fifth, the circumference and boundary of the confirmed(before 1990s) burial mounds were discovered, resolving the uncertainty. Sixth confirmation of the crowd unit tombs. By summing up these six features, it is possible to clearly divide the individual units and the crowd units of the Silla tombs. Confirmation of individual units and crowd units can clarify the size and scope of the tombs located by the concatenation and overlap. It is possible to get a glimpse of the formation process through the interrelationships between the two sides. The tombs are located in the upper-and-lower layer structure of the tombs and show selective site selection. When this formative process is rearranged, it is understood that the Gyeongju Silla Cemetery is formed through the course of four stages. It is anticipated that it will be possible to make selective projects in the excavation survey based on the confirmation of the individual unit and the crowd unit of the Silla ancient tombs and the formation process.