• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

"동의보감(東醫寶鑑)" 근거(根據) "의학정전(醫學正傳)", 장서증분성중갈화중열양류(將署證分成中喝和中熱兩類), "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 적원문우인용료(的原文又引用了) "금궤요략" 갈병조문(喝病條文). 단시(但是) "금궤요략" 적서증분류여(的署證分類與) "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 부동(不同), 대맥여병인적설명역부동(對脈與病因的說明亦不同), 고수연(故雖然), "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 인용료(引用了) "금궤요략" 적문장(的文章), 단기내용완전불일양(但其內容完全不一樣). "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 적관점(的觀點), 시장서증분성내상허증화외감실증양류(是將署證分成內傷虛證和外感實證兩類). "동의보감(東醫寶鑑)" 기존종료(旣尊從了) "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 적분류방법(的分類方法), 우기술료동원적분류방법(又記述了東垣的分類方法). "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 대서증적분류화동원적부동(對署證的分類和東垣的不同). "의학정전(醫學正傳)" 장서증분성중갈(將署證分成中喝)(중서(中署):청서익기탕증(淸署益氣湯證))화중열(和中熱)(백호탕증(白虎湯證)), 이이동원분성중서(而李東垣分成中署)(음증(陰證):대순산증(大順散證))화중열(和中熱)(양증(陽證):창출백호탕증(蒼朮白虎湯證)). 단시(但是) "동의보감(東醫寶鑑)" 수인용료이동원적분류방법(雖引用了李東垣的分類方法), 우변경료처방중적부분내용(又變更了處方中的部分內容), 즉중서용창술출호탕지발산법(卽中署用倉朮白虎湯之發散法), 중열용인삼백호탕지보원기법(中熱用人蔘白虎湯之補元氣法). 저표시(這表示) "동의보감(東醫寶鑑)" 기장서증분성내상허증화외감실증(旣將署證分成內傷虛證和外感實證), 우부대채용료이동원적음서양서적분류방법(又附帶採用了李東垣的陰署陽署的分類方法).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.379-393
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• 2002

Within the Boseong-Jangheung area of Korea, five hydrothermal gold (-silver) quartz vein deposits occur. They have the characteristic features as follows: the relatively gold-rich nature of e1ectrurns; the absence of Ag-Sb( -As) sulfosalt mineral; the massive and simple mineralogy of veins. They suggest that gold mineralization in this area is correlated with late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, mesothermal-type gold deposits in Korea. Fluid inclusion data show that fluid inclusions in stage I quartz of the mine area homogenize over a wide temperature range of 200$^{\circ}$ to 460$^{\circ}$C with salinities of 0.0 to 13.8 equiv. wt. % NaCI. The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in stage II calcite of the mine area ranges from 150$^{\circ}$ to 254$^{\circ}$C with salinities of 1.2 to 7.9 equiv. wt. % NaCI. This indicates a cooling of the hydrothermal fluid with time towards the waning of hydrothermal activity. Evidence of fluid boiling including CO2 effervescence indicates that pressures during entrapment of auriferous fluids in this area range up to 770 bars. Calculated sulfur isotope composition of auriferous fluids in this mine area (${\delta}^34S$_{{\Sigma}S}$$\textperthousand$) indicates an igneous source of sulfur in auriferous hydrothermal fluids. Within the Sobaegsan Massif, two representative mesothermal-type gold mine areas (Youngdong and Boseong-Jangheung areas) occur. The ${\delta}^34S values of sulfide minerals from Youngdong area range from -6.6 to 2.3$\textperthousand$ (average=-1.4$\textperthousand$, N=66), and those from BoseongJangheung area range from -0.7 to 3.6$\textperthousand$ (average=1.6$\textperthousand$, N=39). These i)34S values of both areas are comparatively lower than those of most Korean metallic ore deposits (3 to 7TEX>$\textperthousand$). And, within the Sobaegsan Massif, the ${\delta}^34S values of Youngdong area are lower than those of Boseong-Jangheung area. It is inferred that the difference of ${\delta}^34S values within the Sobaegsan Massif can be caused by either of the following mechanisms: (1) the presence of at least two distinct reservoirs (both igneous, with ${\delta}^34S values of < -6 $\textperthousand$ and 2$\pm$2 %0) for Jurassic mesothermal-type gold deposits in both areas; (2) different degrees of the mixing (assimilation) of 32S-enriched sulfur (possibly sulfur in Precambrian pelitic basement rocks) during the generation and/or subsequent ascent of magma; and/or (3) different degrees of the oxidation of an H2S-rich, magmatically derived sulfur source ${\delta}^34S = 2$\pm$2$\textperthousand$) during the ascent to mineralization sites. According to the observed differences in ore mineralogy (especially, iron-bearing ore minerals) and fluid inclusions of quartz from the mesothermal-type deposits in both areas, we conclude that pyrrhotite-rich, mesothermal-type deposits in the Youngdong area formed from higher temperatures and more reducing fluids than did pyrite(-arsenopyrite)-rich mesothermal-type deposits in the Boseong-Jangheung area. Therefore, we prefer the third mechanism than others because the ${\delta}^34S values of the Precambrian gneisses and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks occurring in both areas were not known to the present. In future, in order to elucidate the provenance of ore sulfur more systematically, we need to determine ${\delta}^34S values of the Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks consisting the basement of the Korean Peninsula including the Sobaegsan Massif.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.193-195
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• 2008

에폭시-층상실리케이트 나노콤포지트의 여러 가지 특성인 전기적, 기계적, 구조적 특성에 대해서 많은 연구가 진행되었고, 그에 대한 특성 향상을 가져왔다. 그러나 절연성능에 대한 평가는 우수하지만 열적특성 중열전도에 대한 영향은 그히 부족한 상태였다. 열적특성은 열적열화의 원인이 되어 신뢰성에 크게 영향을 준다. 여러종류 Organoclay(10A, 15A, 20A, 30B, 93A)의 에폭기-층상실리케이트 나노콤포지트 Tg 분석결과 10A의 경우 우수한 열적특성을 나타내었다. DNA 점탄성 및 기계적 손실측정에서도 10A의 경우 고온부($140^{\circ}C$) 탄성계수 및 기계적손실 피르가 가장작고, 고온으로 이동되어 발생된 경우로 열적 특성이 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 열전도 측정결과 강력초음파를 적용한 경우와 미적용의 경우 열전도측정으로 볼 때 전반적으로 초음파 적용 경우 열전도향상이 크게 증가된 결과를 얻었다. 향후 몰드 및 함침절연의 전력기기 적용시 유용한 자료로 이용이 가능하여, 더욱더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

Aiming to determine the taxonomic identity of Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk as a cultivated plant, this study analyzes ITS sequences and compares their external morphologies with the genus Artemisia, which have a similar external morphology. Thus far, we have considered A. indica as the original plant of Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk, but Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk is better grouped with A. argyi, not A. indica, for the following reasons: Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk has the same characteristics as A. argyi in terms of the natural habitat, in that it is 1-bipinnately cleft or parted in the external morphology of its leaves, and because the white glandular trichome is distributed on the adaxial surface. This is in addition to the result of ITS sequence analysis. Therefore, we can define Gang-hwa-yak-ssuk as a cultivated plant that originates from A. argyi and not A. indica.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2022

Saussurea namhaedoana, a new endemic species narrowly restricted to Namhaedo Island of Korea, is reported in this study. It can be distinguished from other congeneric species of Saussurea in Korea by having persistent radical leaves until flowering, hastate or sagittate leaves with mucronate toothed to undulate-lobulate margins, grayish cobwebby hairs on abaxial leaf surfaces when young, and tubular involucre with grayish cobwebby hairs. Morphologically, S. namhaedoana is closely related to other species in Korea, such as S. gracilis Maxim., S. insularis Kitam., S. seoulensis Nakai and S. albifolia M. J. Nam and H. T. Im, sharing grayish or white hairs on the abaxial leaf surfaces. It, however, can be distinguished from its close relatives by having a distinct leaf shape, i.e., sagittate or hastate leaves. The phylogenetic relationship relative to congeners in East Asia is yet to be determined.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2022

The Geochang Au-Ag deposit is located within the Yeongnam Massif. Within the area a number of hydrothermal quartz and calcite veins were formed by narrow open-space filling of parallel and subparallel fractures in the granitic gneiss and/or gneissic granite. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into two stages (stage I, ore-bearing quartz vein; stage II, barren calcite vein) by major tectonic fracturing. Stage I, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages (early, middle and late) with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: early, marked by deposition of pyrite with minor pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite; middle, characterized by introduction of electrum and base-metal sulfides with minor sulfosalts; late, marked by hematite with base-metal sulfides. Fluid inclusion data show that stage I ore mineralization was deposited between initial high temperatures (≥380℃ ) and later lower temperatures (≤210℃ ) from H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluids with salinities between 7.0 to 0.7 equiv. wt. % NaCl of Geochang hydrothermal system. The relationship between salinity and homogenization temperature indicates a complex history of boiling, fluid unmixing (CO₂ effervescence), cooling and dilution via influx of cooler, more dilute meteoric waters over the temperature range ≥380℃ to ≤210℃. Changes in stage I vein mineralogy reflect decreasing temperature and fugacity of sulfur by evolution of the Geochang hydrothermal system with increasing paragenetic time. The Geochang deposit may represents a mesothermal gold-silver deposit.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.243-264
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• 1986

This work is a metallogeny on gold-silver deposits in South Korea based on the close examination of the author's own data and a broad review of existing literature available. The metallogenic epochs in Korea are temporarily connected with the history of tectonism and igneous activities, and are identified as the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Jurassic to early Cretaceous, late Cretaceous to early Tertiary, and Quaternary epochs, whereas the metallogenic provinces are spatially associated with some of the felsic to intermediate igneous rocks, lacking mineralization related to basic and ultrabasic rocks. The metallogeny on the gold-silver deposits is mostly related to the granitic rocks intrusives. Epigenetic gold-silver mineralization in South Korea ranges in metallogenic epochs from Precambrian through Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous to Eocene (?), in genetic types from hypothermal through mesothermal and epithermal quartz-sulfide veins to volcanogenic stockworks, with some disseminated types. Reporting on metallic association from gold without silver, gold-silver, silver-gold, silver without gold, and gold or silver as a by-product from other metallic ores. The most representative genetic types and metal associations of gold-silver deposits are hydrothermal quartz veins associated with the Daebo and Bulgugsa granitic magmatism. The most closely associated paragenetic metallic minerals in gold-silver hydrothermal quartz-sulfide vein type deposits are: copper, lead, zinc, pyrite and arsenopyrite. More than 560 gold-silver mines are plotted in the distribution map grouped within the 10 different metallogenic provinces of South Korea. Specific mineralizations with related mineral association in both sulfides and gangues observed selected from 18 Korean and 8 Japanese Au-Ag deposits. The 7 selected individual gold-silver mines representing specific mineralization types are described in this report.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 2001

Contrasts in the style of the gold-silver mineralization in geologic and tectonic settings in Korea, together with radiometric age data, reflect the genetically different nature of hydrothermal activities, coinciding with the emplacement age and depth of Mesozoic magmatic activities. It represents a clear distinction between the plutonic settings of the Jurassic Daebo orogeny and the subvolcanic environments of the Cretaceous Bulgugsa igneous activities. During the Daebo igneous activities (about 200-130 Ma) coincident with orogenic time, gold mineralization took place between 197 and 127 Ma. The Jurassic deposits commonly show several characteristics: prominent association with pegmatites, low Ag/Au ratios in the ore-concentrating parts, massive vein morphology and a distinctively simple mineralogy including Fe-rich sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, Au-rich eIectrum. pyrrhotite and/or pyrite. During the Bulgugsa igneous activities (120-60 Ma), the precious-metal deposits are generally characterized by such features as complex vein morphology, medium to high AgiAu ratios in the ore concentrates, and abundance of ore minerals including base-metal sulfides, Ag sulfides, native silver, Ag sulfosalts and Ag tellurides. Vein morphology, mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope results indicate the diverse genetic natures of hydrothermal systems. The Jurassic Au-dominant deposits were formed at the relatively high temperature (about 300 to 450$^{\circ}$C) and deep-crustal level (>3.0 kb) from the hydrothermal fluids containing more amounts of magmatic waters (3180; 5-10 %0). It can be explained by the dominant ore-depositing mechanisms as CO2 boiling and sulfidation, suggestive of hypo/mesothermal environments. In contrast, mineralization of the Cretaceous Au-Ag type (108-71 Ma) and Agdominant type (98-71 Ma) occurred at relatively low temperature (about 200 to 350$^{\circ}$C) and shallow-crustal level «1.0 kb) from the ore-fonning fluids containing more amounts of less-evolved meteoric waters (15180; -10-5%0). These characteristics of the Cretaceous precious-metal deposits can be attributed to the complexities in the ore-precipitating mechanisms (mixing, boiling, cooling), suggestive of epilmesothermal environments. Therefore, the differences of the emplacement depth between the Daebo and the Bulgugsa igneous activities directly influence the unique temporal and spatial association of the deposit type.