• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.31-70
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to measure the clustering change and analyze empirical results, and choose the clustering ports for Busan, Incheon, and Gwangyang ports by using Hierarchical clustering(single, complete, average, and centroid), Silhouette, and 2SCE[the Second Stage(Type II) cross-efficiency] matrix clustering models on Asian container ports over the period 2009-2018. The models have chosen number of cranes, depth, birth length, and total area as inputs and container TEU as output. The main empirical results are as follows. First, ranking order according to the efficiency increasing ratio during the 10 years analysis shows Silhouette(0.4052 up), Hierarchical clustering(0.3097 up), and 2SCE(0.1057 up). Second, according to empirical verification of the Silhouette and 2SCE models, 3 Korean ports should be clustered with ports like Busan Port[ Dubai, Hong Kong, and Tanjung Priok], and Incheon Port and Gwangyang Port are required to cluster with most ports. Third, in terms of the ASEAN, it would be good to cluster like Busan (Singapore), Incheon Port (Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Perak, Manila, Tanjung Pelpas, Leam Chanbang, and Bangkok), and Gwangyang Port(Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Perak, Port Kang, Tanjung Pelpas, Leam Chanbang, and Bangkok). Third, Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test of models shows that all P values are significant at an average level of 0.852. It means that the average efficiency figures and ranking orders of the models are matched each other. The policy implication is that port policy makers and port operation managers should select benchmarking ports by introducing the models used in this study into the clustering of ports, compare and analyze the port development and operation plans of their ports, and introduce and implement the parts which required benchmarking quickly.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-86
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• 2008

Buddhism and Buddhist art originated in India, but when they were introduced to different countries, they created an international environment. Buddhism was introduced as cultural package, with written texts, visual images, rituals, and the organization of monasteries. Buddhist art originated in India during the reign of King Asoka and then was developed under the political, intellectual, artistic, religious, social and natural environments of the regions. The stupa and the chaitya halls create monastic environment. The natural environment of the trade routes and caravans in the Central Asian deserts preserved brilliant-colored murals and helped spread tram India to China. When Buddhism and Buddhist art were introduced to China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism became a part of government institution and social organization. Gigantic statues were carved in caves in mountains for political purposes. The Chinese transformed the stupa into a square pillar and created pagodas with tiled roofs in tower forms. Koreans not only transmitted the Buddhist art from China to Japan, but it also changed it with originality in the iconography of the pensive bodhisattva images and in the architecture of Seoggulam. The official ideology of Neo Confucian philosophy brought the rise of Chan Buddhism. Zen monasteries in Japan created unique environments by establishing the Zen Buddhist garden. to prompt believers to meditate. An important development in Buddhist art is the Esoteric Buddhist art in China and Tibet. This category belongs to the intellectual, religious as well as artistic environments. The Tibetan deities with consorts in their embrace symbolize the union of the god and the devotees. Buddhist art created a unique environment that was spread out to many nations and changed greatly over time.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.27-48
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• 2011

Single window has become a critical point of trade facilitation. While Korea has set up the first web based single window 'uTtradeHub', China has also been working on a seamless single window. As strong governmental support, advanced technology, leading agency and legal framework are success factors for single window, China already has solid foundation for this. For the leading agency, this research suggests the CIECC as a leading agency with linkage to E-Port service for seamless trade service for companies. We expect that Chinese single window will materialize in near future by a leading agency with the help of strong governmental support.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2010

An Asiatic lily (Lilium spp.) cultivar 'Onnuri' for cut and pot flower was developed in 2006 at Jeollabukdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Iksan, Korea. The cross was made in 1999 between 'Avignon', orange colored, and 'Nove Cento', yellow colored. A line was preliminarily selected as 'A99-6-48' by reason of stable flower color and shape among germinated seedlings. It had been multiplicated through in vitro culture and then bulbed on field during 2002~2003. After characteristics were investigated from 2004 to 2005, finally it was named as an 'Onnuri' in 2006. Flower of 'Onnuri' belongs to orange-red group with its center shown orange group. Plant height is 92.8 cm, flower size is medium as 13.8 cm. Stigma color is red-brown and blooming direction is upward-facing. Flowering time is mid-June.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.387-393
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• 2005

This study compares shamans' costumes of Korea with those of Siberia and Central Asia. It also investigates the meaning of shamanism and shamans,the relationship of Korean shamanism to shamanism, and the genealogy of Korean shamanism. For collecting and analyzing data of the research, literature reviews, field studies, and the investigation of historical relics are mostly used. The following are the major findings of the research: Through the comparison of shamans' costumes of Korea with those of Siberia and Central Asia, this research finds out some similarities and differences in the costumes. Both Korean shamans and Siberian and Central Asian shamans wore shaman's costumes and used utensils like bells or mirrors when they perform a religious service. On their costumes, they both used an element which stands for birds. However, they were different in terms of the materials or styles of the costumes, of the function of the costumes, and of the decorating with ornaments. The differences in the materials or styles of the costumes, different functions of the costumes, and using ornaments or not can be viewed as a general phenomenon, which is resulted from different environments. The soul's departing the body or the possession or a mixed method can be considered as mere variations due to regional or cultural differences. In conclusion, based on the comparison of the costumes of shamans of Korea with those of Siberia and Central Asia, the shamans of Korea and Siberia and Central Asia share the same origin. And the genealogy of Korean shamans can be said to be originated from the northern shamanism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2014

This study analyzes the styles of Baekje costumes by examining costume types and styles based on the research of old books and a comparative study of archaeological and historical Baekje art relics in Central Asia. The results of the study are as follows. 1. Through the comparative study of the records of old books, relic materials (Yangjikgongdo, Mural paintings of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus, Cheonsuguk Mandarasujang, Shosoin relics, and Haniwas), we can see that ancient Japanese costumes were influenced by the culture of Baekje costumes. 2. A comparative study of the records of relic materials of Baekje and Central Asia show that there were vigorous interchanges between the East and West. 3. Baekje costumes showed a great diversity in styles because they were based on Buyeo costumes developed in conjunction with vigorous overseas trade. 4. Baekje's upper garments are summarized as Boksam and Po for men and Yu, Banbi and Euisapo for women. Boksam and Yu styles varied as tunics and overlapped jackets with straight and round collars. Two types of sleeves coexisted. The sleeves of Hansung Baekje period were a diagonal lined style that was wide on the armhole and narrow on the wrist. The sleeves of Sabi Baekje period were a reversed diagonal lined style that is narrow on the armhole and wide on the wrist. Pants styles were summarized as Gon, Gunggo and Daegugo. There were not enough relics and references for the Baekje costumes; however, this study widens the possibility of the existence of various styles of Baekje costumes through inferences from available data.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.183-199
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• 2006

This study aims to estimate the nationality of two envoys by examining their dresses and appearances depicted on the wall painting of Afrasiab's Palace in Samarkand with the concentration on the history of the international exchange between three states and the countries in Central Asia. The international exchange between three states and the countries in Central Asia are examined with the concentration on the literature review. And what are related to the dresses during the period of the three states are examined with the concentration on the literature review and the wall painting of Goguryeo tomb. The followings results were identified. The dresses of envoys were comprised of Jowugwan, the soft hat shaped like a peaked hat, the upper garment reaching a hip line with Jikryeong Gyoim and Tongsu, narrow trousers, black belt with a hook, front-pointed shoes and big sword with a round ring. The items of dressing are very similar to those during the Goguryeo period as observed on the wall paintings and excavated articles from the tombs from the Goguryeo period and literature. The next examination is estimated that Goguryeo had the official relationship with the countries in Central Asia before the invasion of Tang in mid-7 century when the wall painting, in our estimation, was produced, and to this end, Goguryeo sent the envoys to those countries. The envoys on the wall painting were estimated to be from Goguryeo as discussed above.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.234-239
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• 2012

황사(Asian dust storm, ADS)란 중국이나 몽골 등 중앙아시아 지역의 사막 지대의 작은 모래나 황토 또는 먼지가 하늘에 떠다니다가 상층풍을 타고 멀리까지 날아가 떨어지는 현상을 말하며, 주로 봄철에 우리나라를 비롯한 동아시아 지역에 영향을 준다. 이와 같은 황사에 영향을 받는 지역에서는 거주민들의 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 2005년도에서 2008년도까지 4년간 서울지역 거주민들 사이에서 황사현상이 천식질환에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 황사발생일(기준일 또는 index day)과 기준일 대비 7일 전후(비교일 또는 comparison day) 황사가 발생하지 않은 날에 병의원에서 진료를 받은 천식환자 수를 황사예보의 정확도에 따라 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 24시간 전 제공된 황사예보가 황사발생을 정확히 예측한 경우라 하더라도 비교일 대비 기준일의 천식환자 수가 여전히 더 많다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 다만, 증가 정도는 통계적으로 유의한 수준은 아니었다는 점에서 정확한 황사예보가 최소한 어느 정도는 천식질환 발생을 저감시키는 효과는 분명히 가지고 있다고 판단할 수 있다. 반면에 24시간 전 황사예보가 황사발생을 정확하게 예측하지 못한 경우에는 비교일 대비 기준일에서 5~6일 후에 진료 받은 천식환자 수가 통계적으로 유의할 수준까지 높게 나타났다. 하지만, 기준일 및 기준일 다음 날의 경우에는 오히려 천식환자 수가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 황사예보 및 황사발생의 다양한 경우에 따라 천식환자 수의 일정한 변화패턴이 발견되었으며, 이와 같은 연구결과는 황사 관련 의료서비스 체계를 보다 효율적으로 설계하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1-18
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• 2004

Most of the Korean diaspora who lived in Yunhaeju moved to Central Asia in 1937 following the policy of deportation of Russia. Uzbekistan is the representative place for Korean diaspora to have settled down in Central Asia at that time and mort Korean diaspora in Central Asia are living in Uzbekistan now. Korean diaspora have maintained a traditional way of living for 140 years without a deep relationship with Korea. This study examined the dwellings of the Korean diaspora of Uzbekistan in Central Asia by visiting their houses and conducting interviews. Results of the research were as following: 1) The houses of the Korean diaspora in Uzbekistan in early times consisted of 2-3 bedrooms with Gudle. Gudle is the most traditional element of the Korean diaspora's house and it has been used as a place for gathering family members. 2) Korean diaspora's houses in Uzbekistan were built according to Russian and Uzbek style but most of the Korean diaspora's have a mixed style with traditional Korean elements of living.3) The changing process of planning and building codes of apartments in Uzbekistan is similar to that in other CIS nations and all of Russia. 4) Korean's food style is a mixture of Korean, Russian and Central Asian foods. Kimchi and Jang (bean paste) are essential for most Koreans and most Koreans are making these at home. 5) Most Koreans have maintained a good relationship with the Uzbek people and Koreans are very active in gelling along well with all. This enables them to exchange their culture eventually in various parts. This study could be the first step to supply basic information for the study of the Korean diaspora in Uzbekistan. Deeper research over a wider range is needed in Russia.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.19-24
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• 2007

Due to the decreasing of Korean Construction market situation, recently a lot of medium & small size contractors, engineering firms and consulting firms are extending their business area to overseas market. To compare with 80${\sim}$90's situation at that time only Contractor provide service to overseas but in recent, there are number of Design, CM/PM and other consulting services which provide service to overseas. With this figures, the number of nation also increased from middle east and South east asian area to central asia and african nations and among them Kazakhstan has became as new market for the construction industry based on it oil money and up stream of real estimate market. Based on this fact, we will explain one of our recent project case for PM service in Almaty, Kazakhstan to show others who have interest to do business in their.