• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.312-316
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• 2006

Purpose : Growth hormone(GH) has been recognized as an effective treatment for short children born small for their gestational ages(SGA), and nowadays it has been widely used for the treatment of short children born SGA. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of GH treatment for the children born SGA. Methods : The study population was made of 40 short children born SGA with GH-treated(n=26) and untreated control group(n=14). In order to evaluate the effect of GH treatment, the changes in standard deviation scores(SDS) of the GH-treated group were compared to the changes in SDS before and after treatment from the control group in the same period. Results : There were no differences between the GH-treated group and the control group in gestational age, birth weight, chronological age, target height and the period of follow-up observation; however, the GH-treated group had lower height SDS($-3.3{\pm}0.9$) than the control group($-2.4{\pm}0.4$) before treatment(P<0.05). The GH-treated group had gained $1.2{\pm}1.0$ height SDS during GH treatment while the control group had gained $0.5{\pm}0.6$ height SDS. In the GH treatment group, HDL-cholesterol increased from $48.5{\pm}9.9mg/dL$ to $56.1{\pm}8.7mg/dL$(P<0.05) and LDL-cholesterol decreased from $88.1{\pm}23.3mg/dL$ to $76.4{\pm}19.4mg/dL$(P<0.05) after treatment. There were no changes in total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid and fasting blood sugar. IGF-I increased from $224.9{\pm}191.3{\mu}g/L$ to $443.2{\pm}152.5{\mu}g/L$(P<0.05) and IGFBP-3 also increased from $3.7{\pm}1.3mg/L$ to $5.6{\pm}1.2mg/L$(P<0.05). Conclusion : We conclude that growth hormone treatment is effective in the treatment of short children born SGA.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 2010

Objective of this research was to investigate the influence of $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ ratios in liquid feeding on the growth of snapdragon 'Potomac Red' and changes in medium chemical properties. The seeds were sown into 200 plug trays and fertigated once a week with nutrient solution containing various ratios of $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ such as 0 : 100, 27 : 73, 50 : 50, 73 : 27, and 100 : 0. The total N concentrations were adjusted to 50, 100 and $150\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in plug stages of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Determination of seedling growth and analysis of plant tissue and root medum were conducted at 56 days after sowing. The treatment of 27 : 73 ($NH_4^+:NO_3^-$) had the greatest plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. The N and P contents in 27 : 73 ($NH_4^+:NO_3^-$) treatment based on the above ground plant tissues were 2.39 and 0.39%, respectively, which were the greatest among treatments. The elevation of $NH_4^+$ ratio in fertigation solution decreased tissue Ca and Mg contents, but that did not influence tissue K content. The variations in $NH_4^+:NO_3^-$ ratios impacted the soil solution pH and the difference among treatments had been severe since three weeks after sowing. Elevation of $NH_4^+$ ratios in fertigation solution increased electrical conductivity and concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg in soil solution of root medum. The $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ concentrations in the soil solution were high in weeks 2, 3, and 4, then decreased gradually as the biomass of seedlings increased. Medium P concentration decreased gradually as seedlings grew, but statistical differences were not observed among treatments.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2008

Purpose : We wanted to determine the characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) who were unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Methods : The patients with KD were divided into two groups: the IVIG responsive group (25 cases) and the IVIG unresponsive group (14 cases). We analyzed various parameters before and after the administration of IVIG, including the complete blood cell count with the differential count (%), the erythrocyte segmentation rate (ESR), the C-reactive protein (CRP) level and the protein and lipid profiles. Results : The IVIG unresponsive group had a prolonged duration of fever and a higher incidence of CAL compared to the IVIG responsive group (P<0.001, respectively). Before IVIG infusion, the neutrophil differential, the ESR and the CRP values were higher (P<0.001), and the total protein and albumin values were lower in the IVIG unresponsive group (P=0.01) compared to the IVIG responsive group. After IVIG infusion, there were no significant changes in the WBC count and CRP levels in the IVIG unresponsive group. The reduction of the HDL-cholesterol levels by IVIG was more significant in the unresponsive group (P=0.02). Conclusion : A more severe and prolonged inflammatory response occurred in the IVIG unresponsive group at an early stage, and this finding can be detected by such inflammatory parameters as the neutrophil count and the CRP and HDL-cholesterol levels after IVIG infusion.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1337-1345
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• 2009

This study investigated the effect of exercise training and garlic powder ingestion on blood lipids and antioxidants activity in rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet with or without garlic powder (500 mg/kg) for four weeks as grouped in control (CON), exercise (EXE), garlic (GAR), and garlic + exercise training (GAREXE), respectively. EXE and GAREXE were trained on the treadmill for the same periods. Weight of fats (mesentery, perirenal, and epididymal) were weighed and blood glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C) were analyzed and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) for lipid peroxidation were analyzed in liver tissue. Body weight in GAREXE was significantly lower in the statistics than that in other groups (p<0.05), and the volume of fat in GAR and GAREXE was also much lower (p<0.05). Blood glucose was significantly lower in EXE and GAR (p<0.05), however, there was no effect of exercise training. Blood TG was lower in GAR and GAREXE (p<0.05), however, there was no effect of exercise training. HDL-C was significantly improved in EXE and GAR compared to CON (p<0.05), and GAREXE was higher than EXE (p<0.05). MDA content was considerably lower in GAREXE compared to EXE (p<0.05), and SOD activity was much higher in other groups compared to CON (p<0.05). In addition, GAREXE was significantly higher than EXE and GAR, thus there was significant increase when a garlic diet was carried out together with exercise (p<0.05). These results suggested that garlic powder ingestion during the training periods had a beneficial effect of lowering glucose and enhancing blood lipids profiles. Moreover, it also has antioxidant effects, which means that it could possibly suppress aging. It is necessary to inspect various effects of garlic with a variety of research methods regarding sampling process, production process, intake method, etc.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

To develop commercial semi-solid apple baby food, the physicochemical characteristics of apple puree in relation to different preparing methods and the effect of the addition methods of ascorbic acid on browning reaction were investigated. The preparing methods were classified into 3 groups by initial heating treatment: no heating (A), steaming at $120^{\circ}C$ (B), and blancing at $100^{\circ}C$ (C). The viscosity of tested apple puree was $2,600{\sim}5,856\;cp$, and contents of anhydrogalaturonic acid (AGA) and neutral sugar ranged $4.15{\sim}11.92\;mg%$ and $6.18{\sim}10.65\;mg%$, respectively. Among free sugars tested, level of fructose was the highest $(5.43{\sim}8.87%)$, followed by glucose $(2.11{\sim}4.23%)$, sucrose $(1.64{\sim}2.94%)$, in that order. Since small amounts of ascorbic acid were detected $(1.54{\sim}1.83\;mg%)$, it seemed to be lost by heating process in preparing of apple puree. For apple puree A, its lightness was lower and redness was higher than those of apple puree B and C. Its degree of browning of apple puree was so high that sodium ascorbic acid was added as a antibrowning agent. Puree had low sensory score and nutrient quality. The adding methods of ascorbic acid were classified into 4 groups by adding time: dipping, blending (2), heating (3), and blending + heating (4). Considering color and preference evaluation, preparing method B and adding method 2 showed the highest inhibitory activity on apple puree browning and desirable color for retort baby food. After retort sterilization, the viscosity of apple baby food was decreased from 3,477 cp to 2,294 cp, thiamin was destroyed completely, and the contents of riboflavin and ascorbic acid were decreased 41% and 21%, respectively. However, contents of free sugar and free amino acid and sensory parameter were not influenced by retort sterilization. In overall, the preparing method B-adding method 2 was a good processing condition for the retort apple baby food.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.57-68
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• 1974

These experiments were performed in order to study histologically and histochemically on the epithelial cells of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus. The results of the observation were as follows: 1. There were different cell types in the epithelium of gall bladder in each animal and it could not be supported histochemically that the epithelia cells of gall bladder were divided into two cell types of the rod-shaped and barrel-shaped ones. 2. The epithelium of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus was simple columnar epithelium. 3. The eosinophilities of cytoplasm in the epithelial cells of gall bladder were in uniform stronger in the upper portion of nucleus in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans and Natrix tigrina lateralis than its other portions, and in Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Lepus cuniculus var. domesticus existed uniformly in all portions, but there were many non-eosinophilic cells in Bufo bufo gargarizans and many cells that weakly eosinophilic around nucleus in Bos taurus var. domesticus. 4. The periodic acid Schiff's reactivities in the epithelial cells of gall bladder were different in each other and the epithelial cells in PAS reaction were divided into two cell types of the dark and light ones. There presented the light cells of 6.4%, 4.3% and 3.7% of epithelial cell of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans and Urloncha striata var. domesticus for each other, but were not presented in Natrix tigrina lateralis and Bos taurus var. domesticus. 5. The ninhydrin-Schiff-active proteins were much in the epithelial cells of gall bladder in Bos taurus var. domesticus, Carassius carassius, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Natrix tigrina lateralis in order and were much in epithelial cells in the upper portion of mucosal folds in Carassius carassius, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Natrix tigrina lateralis, and the ninhydrin-Schiff-active protein of the epithelium of gall bladder in Bufo bufo gargarizans was uniformly distributed. 6. The epithelial cells of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus had no stain reactivity or weak stain reactivity to neutral fat and all epithelial cells in Bufo bufo gargarizans had strong stain reactivity, though they were different in quantity of epithelial cell portion. 7. The stain reactivities to RNA and DNA were stronger in the epithelial cells of the upper portion of mucosal fold than in those of other portions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2008

Hypercholesterolemia is associated with many pathological states such as fat deposit in the tendon and skin, hepatomegaly, pancreatitis and heart attack. The present study was focused on the effect of Korean red ginseng water extract (RGWE) on the recovery of hepatic function that was deteriorated in high-cholesterol diet fed mice. Mice were divided into 6 groups ; normal diet group (AIN-2WK), 4 week-high-cholesterol diet group (CHOL-4WK), 2 week-high-cholesterol + 2 week-normal diet group (CHOL-2WK), 2 week-high-cholesterol + 2 week-normal diet + RGWE treated group (R100, R300, R500). RGWE treated group received normal diet and RGWE at daily doses of 100, 300, 500 mg/kg b.w. for 2 weeks after the 2 weeks feeding of high-cholesterol diet. The results are as follows : 1. The hepatic weight and total hepatic lipid weight were markedly lower in RGWE treated group than those in the CHOL-4WK or CHOL-2WK group, indicating that ginseng inhibited hepatic hypertrophy. 2. Total hepatic cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in normal diet conversion group (CHOL-2WK) were significantly reduced compared with the high cholesterol group (CHOL-4WK). The lowering effect was significantly reinforced by RGWE administration. 3. Hepatic triglyceride level of CHOL-4WK group was markedly lower than that of the normal group (AIN-2WK). However, the level was significantly increased in CHOL-2WK and RGWE treated group. The result indicated that ginseng administration and diet conversion exert normalizing effects of hepatic function. 4. The lipid peroxide levels in RGWE treated groups were markedly lower than CHOL-2WK group. These results suggest that Korean red ginseng water extract can be useful as a dietary supplement for the treatment of obesity or hypercholesterolemia by improving lipid metabolism and hepatic function.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.1 s.176
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• pp.27-38
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• 2006

To understand the geologic and hydrogeochemical controls on the occurrence of high fluoride concentrations in bedrock groundwaters of South Korea, we examined a total of 367 hydrochemistry data obtained from deep groundwater wells (avg. depth=600 m) that were drilled fur exploitation of hot springs. The fluoride concentrations were generally very high (avg. 5.65mg/L) and exceeded the Drinking Water Standard (1.5 mg/L) in $72\%$ of the samples. A significant geologic control of fluoride concentrations was observed: the highest concentrations occur in the areas of granitoids and granitic gneiss, while the lowest concentrations in the areas of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. In relation to the hydrochemical facies, alkaline $Na-HCO_3$ type waters had remarkably higher F concentrations than circum-neutral to slightly alkaline $Ca-HCO_3$ type waters. The prolonged water-rock interaction occurring during the deep circulation of groundwater in the areas of granitoids and granitic gneiss is considered most important for the generation of high F concentrations. Under such condition, fluoride-rich groundwaters are likely formed through hydrogeochemical processes consisting of the removal of Ca from groundwater via calcite precipitation and/or cation exchange and the successive dissolution of plagioclase and F-bearing hydroxyl minerals (esp. biotite). Thus, groundwaters with high pH and very high Na/Ca ratio within granitoids and granitic gneiss are likely most vulnerable to the water supply problem related to enriched fluorine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.631-638
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• 2009

This study was performed to examine the health risks according to the obesity types based upon body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cutoffs. The subjects were 8,966 adults aged 40-79 years from the 1998, 2001 and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The subjects were classified into 4 types of obesity groups based on BMI and WC: BMIWC (BMI${\geq}$ 25 kg/$m^2$ and WC${\geq}$ 90 cm for males and ${\geq}$ 85 cm for females), WC (BMI < 25 kg/$m^2$ and ${\geq}$ 90 cm for males and ${\geq}$ 85 cm for females), BMI (BMI ${\geq}$ 25 kg/$m^2$ and < 90 cm for males and < 85 cm for females), normal (BMI < 25 kg/$m^2$ and < 90 cm for males and < 85 cm for females) groups. More than half (n = 5,103) of the subjects fell into the normal group and BMIWC group accounts for 58%, followed by BMI group of 27% and WC group of 16%. Mean ages of subjects were highest in WC group and lowest in BMI group. Blood levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and glucose, and blood pressures were higher and HDL-cholesterol was lower in 3 types of obesity groups (BMIWC, WC, BMI) than in the normal group. Among the 3 obesity groups, energy and fat intake was significantly higher in BMIWC than in normal group in males, however, no differences were found among the 4 groups in females. The three obesity groups had greater odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome compared to the normal group. Among 3 obesity groups, BMIWC group had the highest odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Especially BMIWC and WC groups showed the highest odds ratios for diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, suggesting the potential role of abdominal obesity in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Our data indicate that different types of obesity may show different degrees of health risks. The appropriate selection and use of obesity indexes may be effective for management of obesity as well as obesityrelated diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 1988

In order to increase the availability of filefish scrap, the ordinary and low salt sauce were prepared, and identified their taste compounds in their products. To process the filefish scrap sauce, chopped filefish scrap was mixed with koji, 25% brine, slat and glucose (25.0 : 65.0 : 12.5 : 7.0, w/w) and fermented at $25{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ for 120 days. The same process was also carried out to process the low salt sauce adding sorbitol, lactic acid and ethyl alcohol (7.0 : 0.7 : 9.0. w/w) instead of salt. While amino nitrogen and volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) of products were decreased, pH and reducing sugar were increased all alone the fermentation period. The major free amino acids of products at final stage of fermentation were glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, lysine and aspartic acid. And the contents of total amino acid in the ordinary and low salt sauce were 4126.6(mg/100m1 sauce), 4519.5(mg/100m1 sauce) after fermentation. Hypoxanthine was revealed as the major constituent among nucleotides and their related compounds through fermentation. Free amino acid-N in the filefish scrap sauces were from 56.3%(ordinary) to 60.7%(low salted) of extractive nitrogen. From the sensory evaluation, the quality of products from filefish scrap sauce were almost equal to sold soy sauce on the market.