• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2018

Each online user should perform a separate registration and manage his ID and password for each online commerce or SNS service. Since a common secret is shared between the user and the SNS server, the server compromise induces the user privacy breach and financial loss. In this paper, it is considered that the user's authentication material is shared between multiple SNS servers for user authentication. A blockchain service architecture based on Hyperledger Fabric is proposed for each user to utilize an identical ID and OTP using the enhanced hash-chain-based OTP.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.225-266
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• 2018

In 2017, 1,252 cases of damages relief related to air passenger transport service were received by the Korea Consumer Agency, a 0.8% drop from 1,262 cases in 2016, the first decline since 2013. In 2017, 444 cases (35.4%) out of received cases of damages relief in the field of air passenger service received by the Korea Consumer Agency were agreed on, and out of cases that were not agreed on, the most number of 588 cases (47.0%) were concluded due to information provision and counseling, and 186 cases (14.9%) were applied to the mediation of the Consumer Dispute Mediation Committee. Major legislations that contain regulations for the damages relief and disputes resolution of air service consumers include the Aviation Business Act and the Consumer Fundamental Act, etc. The Aviation Business Act provides the establishment and implementation of damage relief procedure and handling plan, and the receiving and handling of request of damage relief by air transport businessman, and the notice of protection standard for air traffic users. The Consumer Fundamental Act provides the establishment and management of the consumer counseling organization, the damage relief by the Korea Consumer Agency, the consumer dispute mediation, and the enactment of the criteria for resolving consumer disputes. The procedures for damages relief of air service consumers include the receiving and handling of damages relief by air transport businessman, the counseling, and receiving and handling of damages relief by the Consumer Counseling Center, the advice of mutual agreement by the Korea Consumer Agency, and the dispute mediation system by the Consumer Dispute Mediation Committee. The current system of damage relief and dispute mediation for air service consumer have the problem in the exemption from obligation of establishment and implementation of damage relief plan by air transport businessman under the Aviation Business Act, the problem in the exemption from liability in case of nonfulfillment and delay of transport by aviation businessman under the criteria for resolving consumer disputes in the aviation sector, and the uppermost limit in procedure progress and completion of consumer dispute mediation under the Consumer Fundamental Act. Therefore, the improvement measurements of the relevant system for proper damage relief and smooth dispute mediation for air service consumer are to be suggested as follows: First is the maintenance of the relevant laws for damage relief of air service consumer. The exemption regulation from obligation of establishment and implementation of damage relief plan by air transport businessman under the Aviation Business Act shall be revised. To enhance the structualization and expertise of the relevant regulation for protection and damage relief of air service consumer, it will be necessary to prepare the separate legislation similar to the US Federal Regulation 14 CFR and EU Regulation EC Regulation 261/2004. Second is the improvement of criteria for resolving air service consumer disputes. For this, it will be necessary to investigate whether the cause of occurrence of exemption reason was force majeure, and distinguish the exemption from liability in case of nonfulfillment and delay of transport by aviation businessman under the criteria for resolving consumer disputes in the aviation sector, and revise the same as exemption reasons regulated under the air transport chapter of the Commercial Act and Montreal Convention 1999, and unify the compensation criteria for the nonfulfillment of transport that the substitute flight was provided and the delay of transport. Third is the reinforcement of information provision for damage relief of air service consumer. Aviation-related government agencies and concerned agencies should cooperate with airlines and airports to provide rapidly and clearly diverse information to the air traffic users, including laws and policies for damages relief of air service consumers. Fourth is the supplement to the effectiveness, etc. of consumer dispute mediation. If there is no sign of acceptance for dispute mediation, it is not fair to regard it as acceptance, therefore it will be necessary to add objection system. And if a dispute resolution is requested to another dispute settlement agency in addition to the Consumer Dispute Mediation Committee, it is excluded from the damage relief package, but it should be allowed for the party to choose a mediation agency. It will be necessary to devise the institutional measures to increase the completion rate of mediation so that the consumer dispute can be resolved efficiently through the mediation. Fifth is the introduction of the air service consumer arbitration system. A measure to supplement the limitations of the consumer dispute mediation system is to introduce the consumer arbitration system, but there are two measurements which are the introduction of the consumer arbitration under the Consumer Fundamental Act and the introduction of the consumer arbitration under the Arbitration Act. The latter measurement is considered to be appropriate. In conclusion, as a policy task, the government should prepare laws and system to enhance the prevention and relief of damages and protection of the rights and interests of air service consumers, and establish and implement the consumer-centric policy for the advancement of air service.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.446-464
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to verify the multi-mediated effects of human rights sensitivity and peer-coordination in the relationship between teenagers' school violence experience and cyberbullying in order to find alternatives to prevent cyberbullying as teenagers increase their use of smartphones. In order to achieve this research goal, four middle schools were selected by the education office located in downtown Busan and analyzed on 908 middle school students. The results of the study are as follows. First, school violence experiences have been shown to affect cyberbullying. Second, the experience of abuse and neglect during school violence affected human rights sensitivity, but the experience of damage did not affect human rights sensitivity. Third, among school violence experiences, the experience of damage and abuse influenced peer co-operation, but the experience of sitting on the sidelines did not affect peer co-operation. Fourth, human rights sensitivity affected cyberbullying. Fifth, peer groupings affected cyberbullying. Sixth, human rights sensitivity influenced peer-reaction. Seventh, among human rights sensitivities, bystander experience and cyberbullying were found to be mediating bystander experience and cyberbullying, but the damage experience and abuse experience did not have a mediating effect in human rights sensitization and cyberbullying. Eighth, peer cooperation was found to be mediating cyberbullying, but there was no mediating effect between on-the- sidelines experience and cyberbullying. Ninth, human rights sensitivity and peer creation are shown to mediate the relationship between on-the- sidelines experience and cyberbullying sequentially. However, human rights sensitivity and peer creation did not mediate cyberbullying sequentially between the experience of damage and the experience of perpetration. The implications of this study were to verify the effects of teenagers' school violence damage experience, abuse experience, and bystander experience on cyberbullying, and multiple interventions of human rights sensitivity and peer group.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.16
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• pp.303-339
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• 2007

"The damage incurred from forced mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism" means the life, physical, and property damage suffered by those who were forced to lead a life as soldiers, civilians attached to the military, laborers, and comfort women forcibly mobilized by the Japanese Imperialists during the period between the Manchurian Incident and the Pacific War. Up to the present time, every effort to restore the history on such a compulsory mobilization-borne damage has been made by the damaged parties, bereaved families, civil organizations, and academic circles concerned; as a result, on March 5, 2004, Disclosure act of Forced Mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism[part of it was partially revised on May 17, 2007]was officially established and proclaimed. On the basis of this law, the Truth Commission on Forced Mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism Republic of Korea[Compulsory Mobilization Commission hence after] was launched under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister on November 10, 2004. Since February 1, 2005, this organ has begun its work with the aim of looking into the real aspects of damage incurred from compulsory mobilization under the Japanese Imperialism, by which making the historical truth open to the world. The major business of this organ is to receive the damage report and investigation of the reported damage[examination of the alleged victims and bereaved families, and decision-making], receipt of the application for the fact-finding & fact finding; fact finding and matters impossible to make judgment; correction of a family register subsequent to the damage judgement; collection & analysis of data concerning compulsory mobilization at home and from abroad and writing up of a report; exhumation of the remains, remains saving, their repatriation, and building project for historical records hall and museum & memorial place, etc. The Truth Commission on Compulsory Mobilization has dug out and collected a variety of records to meet the examination of the damage and fact finding business. As is often the case with other history of damage, the records which had already been made open to the public or have been newly dug out usually have their limits to ascertaining of the diverse historical context involved in compulsory mobilization in their quantity or quality. Of course, there may happen a case where the interested parties' story can fill the vacancy of records or has its foundational value more than its related record itself. The Truth Commission on Compulsory mobilization generated a variety of oral history records through oral interviews with the alleged damage-suffered survivors and puts those data to use for examination business, attempting to make use of those data for public use while managing those on a systematic method. The Truth Commission on compulsory mobilization-possessed oral history archives were generated based on a drastic planning from the beginning of their generation, and induced digital medium-based production of those data while bearing the conveniences of their management and usage in mind from the stage of production. In addition, in order to surpass the limits of the oral history archives produced in the process of the investigating process, this organ conducted several special training sessions for the interviewees and let the interviewees leave their real context in time of their oral testimony in an interview journal. The Truth Commission on compulsory mobilization isn't equipped with an extra records management system for the management of the collected archives. The digital archives are generated through the management system of the real aspects of damage and electronic approval system, and they plays a role in registering and searching the produced, collected, and contributed records. The oral history archives are registered at the digital archive and preserved together with real records. The collected oral history archives are technically classified at the same time of their registration and given a proper number for registration, classification, and keeping. The Truth Commission on compulsory mobilization has continued its publication of oral history archives collection for the positive use of them and is also planning on producing an image-based matters. The oral history archives collected by this organ are produced, managed and used in as positive a way as possible surpassing the limits produced in the process of investigation business and budgetary deficits as well as the absence of records management system, etc. as the form of time-limit structure. The accumulated oral history archives, if a historical records hall and museum should be built as regulated in Disclosure act of forced mobilization, would be more systematically managed and used for the public users.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.2 s.33
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• pp.294-300
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• 2006

왕숙화(王叔和)의 저작으로 알려진 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$은 중국의학사상 매우 중요한 지위를 차지하고 있다. 현재 사람들이 이 책을 중시하는 것은, 진단학의 저작일 뿐만 아니라, 그 가운데 장중경(張仲景) ${\ulcorner}$상한론(像寒論)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$금궤요약방${\lrcorner}$의 내용을 수록 하고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 이 책의 연구를 통해 장중경(張仲景)의 의학문헌 발전사를 살펴볼 수 있다. 본문에서는 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$과 중경(仲景)의 ${\ulcorner}$금궤${\lrcorner}$의 편장(篇章)의 목록사이의 관계를 비교하여 토론하였다. 고보혀(高保衝) 등 송신(宋臣)의 교정을 거친 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$은 비록 권수가 바뀌지 않았지만 그 내용이 여러 전적을 참고하여 이루어졌다. 중복된 글을 삭제하고 빠진 곳을 채워서 편제가 많이 바뀌어서 부류에 따라 귀속하였으므로 중대한 변화가 발생하였다. 인용문의 통계분석에 따르면, 현본 ${\ulcorner}$${\lrcorner}$ 가운데 제 1, 5, 9, 13, 19, 23편 외에, 나머지는 모두 혹은 대부분 ${\ulcorner}$맥경(？？)${\lrcorner}$에 나온다. 둘의 글자를 비교하면, 조문이 같은 것이 대부분이며, 글자가 다른 곳도 있다. 이들을 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$의 글자가 분명히 ${\ulcorner}$금궤${\lrcorner}$보다 많은 것, ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$ 및 ${\ulcorner}$금궤${\lrcorner}$의 동일 조문을 서로 교정한 것 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$ 및 ${\ulcorner}$금궤${\lrcorner}$에서 피해(避害) 인해 같은 조문의 글자가 다른 것 등의 세 가지로 나누어 토론하였다. ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$과 중경의서(仲景書件)의 편장목록의 비교하여 필자는 만일 왕숙화(王叔和)의 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$ 권7의 원래의 존재에 대해 완전히 부정한다면 받아들이가 어려울 것으로 본다. 본문에서 설명한 것처럼, 송신(宋臣)이 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$을 정리할 때 당시의 몇 종류의 류핸본(流핸本)을 참고하였으며, 그들은 원래의 구조에 의거하여 이 책을 10 권으로 교간(校刊)하였다. 아마도 원서의 권 7 내용이 풍부하지 않았으므로, 송신은 기타의 책을 참조하여 보충하고 수정하였으며, 추측컨대 권8, 권9도 또한 이러한 가능성이 있다. 이러한 점은 송선이 이미 서문에서 강조하여 설명한 ‘중복된 것을 제거하고, 빠진 것을 보충하였으며 그 편제도 또한 상당히 개역하여 부류에 따라 맞추도록 하였다’ 라는 것이다. 어쨌든, 중경(件景)의 ${\ulcorner}$금궤요약방${\lrcorner}$의 유전과정에서 ${\ulcorner}$맥경${\lrcorner}$은 매우 중시할 만한 문헌의 하나인 것이다.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.6 s.102
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• pp.847-854
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• 2005

Since the propagation speed of the Internet worms is quite fast, worm detection in early propagation stage is very important for reducing the damage. Virus throttling technique, one of many early worm detection techniques, detects the Internet worm propagation by limiting the connection requests within a certain ratio.[6, 7] The typical throttling technique increases the possibility of false detection by treating destination IP addresses independently in their delay queue managements. In addition, it uses a simple decision strategy that determines a worn intrusion if the delay queue is overflown. This paper proposes a two dimensional delay queue management technique in which the sessions with the same destination IP are linked and thus a IP is not stored more than once. The virus throttling technique with the proposed delay queue management can reduce the possibility of false worm detection, compared with the typical throttling since the proposed technique never counts the number of a IP more than once when it chicks the length of delay queue. Moreover, this paper proposes a worm detection algorithm based on weighted average queue length for reducing worm detection time and the number of worm packets, without increasing the length of delay queue. Through deep experiments, it is verified that the proposed technique taking account of the length of past delay queue as well as current delay queue forecasts the worn propagation earlier than the typical iuぉ throttling techniques do.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.698-707
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• 2016

An emergency manual is designed to minimize the extent and effect of lives and assets; it is not designed to prevent an accident. There have been continuous arguments in terms of manual effectiveness regardless of the fact that much effort and great cost have been invested in emergency planning and operations. The problems are that there are a number of different emergency manuals, that these manuals are hard to understand and rarely used due to their complexity, that they provide little direction toward the taking of action, and that coordination is difficult between those involved; all of these problems are related to two different pieces of legislations that define emergency manuals in different ways in terms of the contents required. The study has tried to respond to these arguments by exploring relevant legislation to identify emergency manuals that can be used to respond to rail incidents/accidents, for which previous responses have seemed inefficient. Further, some parts of the emergency manual contents are found to overlap, including the ways of differentiating incident responses, personnel roles and responsibilities by types of accident, and threat levels, all of which has resulted in unnecessary pages of the manuals. In preparing and operating such manuals, this study recommends that one piece of legislation that directly affects rail undertakings must be applied in an effort to increase effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.171-208
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to classify the underlying and parsimonious types of child maltreatment and examine whether the effects of risk factors on child maltreatment recurrence differ by type of maltreatment. We utilized the multiyear national administrative data from the National Child Maltreatment Information System collected by Child Protection Agency in Korea. Of 26,921 child maltreatment victims reported and substantiated on or after January 1, 2012, 1,447 children who had recurrence of child maltreatment until December 31, 2015 were selected as maltreatment recurrence group and 4,580 children who had not experienced maltreatment since first substantiation were assigned as maltreatment non-recurrence group. Latent class analysis(LCA) and latent transition analysis(LTA) were used to group children with similar maltreatment subtypes into discrete classes of child maltreatment recurrence. Logistic regression is employed to examine the association between the child maltreatment predominant types and risk factors for recurrence. Results of LCA and LTA showed four latent classes representing predominant type of child maltreatment: 'physical abuse predominant type', 'emotional abuse predominant type', 'sexual abuse predominant type', and 'neglect type'. Significant differences in the effect of risk factors among latent classes were found in child's age and gender, perpetrator's gender, family poverty, biological parent as the perpetrator, domestic violence toward partner, perpetrator's alcoholic problem, insufficient parenting skills, and out-of-home care service, Based on these findings, results suggested how the typology can be used to guide decision about who to target in prevention and intervention programs, and which features of risk factors to target. Practice and policy implications as well as further research tasks were discussed in the lights of searching for useful and important strategies to prevent recurrence of child maltreatment.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.65
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• pp.81-106
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• 2005

This study researches the publishing circumstances and the woodblocks used in the local government office at Jeollado in Joseon dynasty. Wanyung woodblocks indicate the printing blocks which were used in Jeolla local office. Known so far, there were 11 so

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.11A
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• pp.903-911
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• 2011

In this paper we proposed an energy adaptive data aggregation and transmission mechanism to solve the problem of energy limitation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Hierarchical structure methods are wildly used in WSNs to improve the energy efficiency. LEACH and TEEN protocols are the typical techniques. In these methods, all nodes, including nodes who have sensed data to transmit and nodes who haven't, are set frame timeslots in every round. MNs (member nodes) without sensed data keep active all the time, too. These strategies caused energy waste. Furthermore, if data collection in MNs is same to the previous transmission, it increases energy consumption. Most hierarchical structure protocols are developed based on LEACH. To solve the above problems, this paper proposed a method in which only MNs with sensed data can obtain allocated frame to transmit data. Moreover, if the MNs have same sensed data with previous, MNs turn to sleep mode. By this way redundant data transmission is avoided and aggregation in CH is lightened, too.