• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.6 s.96
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• pp.808-814
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• 2006

The effects of vegetable oils addition on the quality characteristic of pound cake were investigated. The volume of pound cake prepared by adding vegetable oils increased from 1005.8 to 1075.8 mL, compared to 752.8 mL for the control. The volume index of pound cake prepared by adding vegetable oils increased by 3.46${\sim}$3.65, compared to 2.88 for the control. The hardness and penetration of pound cake with added vegetable oils were decreased significantly compared to those of the control during storage for 72 hours. The texture of pound cake with added vegetable oils was not decreased compared to that of the control. The lightness and yellowness values of the cake increased and the redness values of the cake decreased by adding vegetable oils compared to those of the control. The sensory quality of the pound cake with added vegetable oils, as estimated by color, taste, moistness and overall acceptability, was better than that of the control.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2005

Ammonia is the major limiting factor in intensive aquaculture production systems. Therefore, quantification of ammonia excretion is important for the water quality management in aquaculture systems. Ammonia excretion is known to be affected by many factors such as body weight and dietary protein level (DPL). In this study, experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of body weight and DPLs on the rates of ammonia excretion of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Three sizes of fishes (mean initial weight; 4.8 g,42.7 g and 176.8 g) were fed each of two dietary protein levels (30.5% and 35.5%). Daily feeding levels for the three fish sizes of 4.8 g, 42.7 g and 176.8 g were 6%, 3%, and 1.5% body weight per day, respectively. Each group of fish was stocked in a 17.1-L aquarium and all treatments were triplicated. Following feeding, the weight-specific ammonia excretion rate of O. niloticus increased, peaked at 4 to 8 h, and returned to pre-feeding levels within 24 h. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion.ate per unit weight decreased with the increase of fish weight for each diet (P<0.05). The TAN excretion rate increased with increasing dietary protein content for each fish size (P<0.05). TAN excretion rates (Y) for each diet with different fish weights were described by the following equations: low DPL diet (30.5%): $Y\;(mg\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})=955.69-147.12\;lnX\;(r^2=0.95)$, high DPL diet (35.5%): $Y\;(mg\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})=1362.41-209.79\;lnX\;(r^2=0.99)$. Where: X=body weight (g wet wt.). The TAN excretion rates ranged 28.5%-37.1% of the total nitrogen ingested for the low DPL diet (30.5%) and 37.4-38.5% for the high DPL diet (35.5%). Total nitrogen losses of fish fed the high DPL diet $(35.5%;\;0.26\sim0.91g\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})$ were higher than those fed the low DPL diet $(30.5%;\;0.22\sim0.68g\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})$. The losses decreased per kg of fish as fish size increased. Results will provide valuable information fer water quality management and culture of Nile tilapia in recirculating aquaculture systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2017

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of muffins prepared with different amounts (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%) of fucoidan red yeast (Monascus purpureus) rice powder (FRYR). The weight and pH of muffins increased as the amount of FRYR increased. The height and baking loss rate of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05), whereas moisture content was not significantly different between all samples. L value and b value of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). However, a value of muffins significantly increased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). Hardness, chewiness, and brittleness increased with increasing FRYR concentration. Cohesiveness was higher with 30% FRYR, whereas springiness was not significantly different between the samples. In the sensory evaluation, the appearance and crumb color of muffins was higher in groups containing 0% FRYR, whereas flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability scores were highest for muffins with 50% FRYR added. The total polyphenol content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of muffins significantly increased with increasing addition of FRYR (P<0.05). Therefore, addition of FRYR could satisfy the sensory function and functional requirements of muffins. Furthermore, this study proposes the development of various products using fucoidan red yeast rice.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.105-127
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• 1989

Although poultry industry in Japan has been much developed in recent years, it still needs to be developed , compared with developed countries. Since the poultry market in Korea is expected to be opened in the near future it is necessary to maximize the Productivity to reduce the production costs and to develop the scientific, technologies and management organization systems for the improvement of the quality in poultry production. Followings ale the summary of poultry industry in Japan. 1. Poultry industry in Japan is almost specized and commercialized and its management system is ： integrated, cooperative and developed to industrialized intensive style. Therefore, they have competitive power in the international poultry markets. 2. Average egg weight is 48-50g per day (Max. 54g) and feed requirement is 2. 1-2. 3. 3. The management organization system is specialized and farmers in small scale form complex and farmers in large scale are integrated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 1982

Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable and can cause fire accidents. causing destruction of human life and property. To diminish the fire disaster, fire retardant plywood is indeed required. In the methods of manufacturing the fire retardant plywood, a soaking method is occasionally used. However after soaking plywood into fire retardant chemical solutions redrying of soaked plywood is of the utmost importance. In this study 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywoods were selected for fire retardant treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 20% dilute solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, borax-boric acid minalith, and water solution, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9 hour-soaking treatments in borax-boric acid and minalith, and 6- and 9 hours in the other chemicals were applied and after the treatment hot drying was applied to treated plywoods at $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ of press temperature. Drying rates, drying curves, water absorption rates of fire retardant chemicals, weight per volume and fire retardant degree of plywood were investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) In the 9 hours-soaking treatment of fire retardants by hot and cold bath method, the chemical retentions of 3.5mm thickness plywood could be attained within the range ($1.125-2.25kg/(30cm)^3$) of minimum retention specification as follows: $1.353kg/(30cm)^3$ in monoammonium phosphate, $1.331kg/(30cm)^3$ in diammonium phosphate, $1.263kg/(30cm)^3$ in ammonium sulfate, $1.226kg/(30cm)^3$ in borax-boric acid. But the chemical retention, $0.906kg/(30cm)^3$, in minalith could not be attained within the range of minimum retention specification. And also in case of 5.0mm thickness plywood, chemical retentions, as $1.356kg/(30cm)^3$ and $1.166kg/(30cm)^3$ respectively, of ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate could be attained within the range minimum retention specification, but the other fire retardant chemicals could not. 2) In the 6- and - hours-soaking treatments of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood, the drying curve sloped of chemical treated plywood was smaller than that of water treated. The drying rate related to thickness of treated plywood, was about three times as fast in 3.5mm thickness plywood compared with 5.0mm thickness plywood. 3) In the treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot platen temperature, the drying rates of chemical-treated plywood showed the highest quantity in diammonium phosphate of 3.5mm and 5.0mm thickness plywood. But the drying rate of water treated plywood was highest during the 6- and 9 hours-soaking treatments. 4) The drying rate remarkably increased with proportion to increase of the platen temperature, and the values were respectively 1.23%/min., 6.54%/min., 25.75%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 3.5mm thickness plywood and 0.55%.min., 2.49%/min., 8.19%/min. in hot platen temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in 5.0mm thickness plywood. 5) In the fire retardant degree of chemical treated plywood, the loss in weight was the smallest in diammonium phosphate, next was in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the greatest was in borax-boric acid and minalith. And the fire-retardant effect in burning time, flame-exhausted time and carbonized area were greatest in diammouniun phosphate, next were in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the weakest were in borax-boric acid and minalith.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-37
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• 1982

Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable to bring large fire accidents and burn out human life and their properties. To diminish the fire disaster, fire retardant plywood has been required indeed. In the methods of manufacturing the fire retardant plywood the soaking method is occasionally used. However after soaking plywood into fire retardant chemical solutions, redrying of soaked plywood is the most important. In this study, 3.5mm thin and 5.0mm thick plywoods were selected for fire retardant treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 20% dilute solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, borax-boric acid and minalith, and water solution. 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9 hour-soaking treatments were applied and after treatments hot plate drying was applied to those treated plywoods at $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$, of press temperature. Drying rates, drying curves, water absorption rates of fire retardant chemicals, weight per volume and fire retardant degree of plywood were investigated. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The plywoods treated with ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate showed increase of chemical absorption rate with proportion to increase of treating time, but not in case of the plywood treated with borax-boric acid and minalith. 2. In the treatment of definite time, the absorption rate per unit of volume of plywood showed higher in thin plywood (thickness of 3.5mm) than in thick plywood (thickness of 5.0mm). In both thin and thick plywoods, the highest absorption rate was observed in 9 hour-treatment of ammonium sulfate. The value was 1.353kg/$(30cm)^3$ in thin plywood and 1.356kg/$(30cm)^3$ in thick plywood. 3. The volume per weight of plywood after chemical treatment increased remarkably and. after hot plate drying, the values were to a little extent higher than before chemical treatment. 4. The swelling rates of thickness in chemical-treated plywoods increased similarly with that of water-treated plywood in 1- and 3 hour-treatment of both thin and thick plywoods. But in 6- and 9 hour-treatment, the greater increased value showed in water-treated ply wood than any other chemical, especially in thick plywood. 5. The shrinkage rates after hot plate drying showed the same tendency as the swelling rate, and the rate showed the increasing tendency with proportion to increase of treating time in thick plywood of both chemical and water treatments. 6. Among drying curves, the curves of water-treated plywood placed more highly than chemical-treated plywood without-relation to thickness in 6- and 9 hour-treatment except in 1- and 3 hour-treatment. 7. The drying rate related to thickness of treated plywood, was twice above in thin plywood compared with thick plywood. 8. The drying rate remarkably increased with proportion to increase of the plate temperature and, the values were respectively 1.226%/min., 6.540%/min., 25.752%/min. in hot plate temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in thin plywood and 0.550%/min., 2.490%/min, 8.187%/min, in hot plate temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ in thick plywood. 9. In the treatment at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot plate temperature, the drying rates of chemical-treated plywood showed the highest value in monoammonium phosphate of thin plywood and in diammonium phosphate of thick plywood. But the drying rate of water-treated plywood was highest in 6- and 9 hour-treatment. 10. The fire retardant degree of chemical-treated plywood was higher than that of the untreated plywood as shown in loss of weight, burning time, flame-exhausted time and carbonized area. 11. The fire-retardant effect among fire retardant chemicals were the greatest in diammonium phosphate, the next were in monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate, and the weakest were in borax-boric and minalith.