• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2010

The effects of $CO_2$ concentration on fruit-body formation and yield of Pleurotus ferulae (KME65003) mushroom were examined in the growing facilities for bottle cultivation. The $CO_2$ concentration levels in the growing facilities were 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm and 2000 ppm of $CO_2$, controlled by different ventilation amount. Yield of fruit body was highest of 102.4 g/bottle at 1000 ppm treatment and lowest of 75.1 g/bottle at 2000 ppm. As the $CO_2$ concentration increased up to 2000 ppm, the first pinhead formation and fruit-body growing period took longer, so total growing period took 16 days at 500 ppm, but 23 days at 2000 ppm. The number of pinhead formation was highest of 12.2/bottle at 1500 ppm and valid stipes was highest of 2.8/bottle at 1000 ppm. Fruit body characteristics such as pileus and stipe diameter, and stipe length were not significant at different $CO_2$ concentration. The fruit body ratio of 20~50 g range among the whole fruit body which was classified by weight was highest of 60.3% at 1000 ppm. As a result, the suitable $CO_2$ concentration of growth and yield of Pleurotus ferulae was showed as 1000 ppm.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2013

Purpose: To compare corneal asphericity, visual acuity (VA), and ocular and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) between myopic refractive surgery and emmetropia groups. Methods: Twenty three subjects ($23.0{\pm}2.5$ years) who underwent myopic refractive surgery and twenty emmetropia ($21.0{\pm}206$ years) were enrolled. The subjects'criteria were best unaided monocular VA of 20/20 or better in both two groups. High and low contrast log MAR visual acuities were measured under photopic and mesopic conditions. Corneal and ocular HOAs were measured using Wavefront Analyzer (KR-1W, Topcon) for 4 mm and 6 mm pupils. Corneal asphericity was taken by topography in KR-1W. Results: There was no significant difference in VA between two groups under either photopic or mesopic conditions. In ocular aberrations, there were significant differences in total HOAs, fourthorder and spherical aberration (SA) for a 6 mm between two groups (p=0.045, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). In corneal aberrations, there was a significant difference in SA for 4 mm (p=0.001) and 6 mm (p<0.001) pupils between two groups and there were statistically significant differences in total HOAs (p<0.001) and fourth-order aberrations (p<0.001) between two groups for a 6 mm pupil. There was a significant correlation in emmetropia between Q-value and SA in ocular aberrations for 4 mm and 6 mm pupils (r=0.442, p=0.004, and r=0.519, p<0.001) and in corneal aberrations for 4 mm and 6 mm pupils (r=0.358, p=0.023, and r=0.646, p<0.001). No significant correlations were found between Q-value and SA in refractive surgery group. Conclusions: VA in myopic refractive surgery is better than or similar to emmetropia. Nevertheless, the more increasing pupil size is, the more increasing aberrations are. Thus, it could have an influence on the quality of vision at night.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.656-662
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• 1997

Aortic valvuloplasty has recently gained attention as an attractive alternative procedure for aortic valvular disease. Between March 1995 to August 1996, 14 patients with pure aortic regurgitation(AR) underwent aortic alvuloplasty using leaflet extension with glutaraldehydepreserved autologous pericardium. There were 11 males and 3 females, and the mean age was 34.8 $\pm$ 15.3 years. Preoperative echocardiography and cardiac catheterization revealed that the degree of AR was mean 3.4$\pm$0.65, and more than moderate degree of mitral regurgitation(MR) were detected in 4 patients. In 12 patients, 3 leaflets were extended and in another 2 patients only one deformed leaflet was extended. Concomitant mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) was performed in 4 patients. The competency of the aortic valve after completion of repair was evaluated by the transesophageal echocardiography in operating theater, and there was no aortic and mitral stenosis or regurgitation. In an early postoperative echocardiography, trivial AR was detected in 3 patients and mild MR in 1 patient. The end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions of the left ventricle were decreased significantly(p<0.05) as compared with those of preoperative values. T ere was no mortality and no significant postoperative complication encountered. Late complication developed in 2 patients during the follow-up period(mean 7.9$\pm$ 5.9 months). One patient underwent AVR on postoperative 7th month due to endocarditis, and the another patient with Behcet's disease underwent Ross operation at postoperative 4th month. In conclusion, AVP of leaflet extension technique offers an excellent early clinical result and represents a good alterna!ivy surgical treatment for the pure AR especially in young age group, although long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the durability of glutaraldehyde-preserved autologous pericardium as a valve leaflet.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1999

Purpose : We intend to review clinical results after Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction using hamstring tendon arthroscopically. Materials & Methods : Sixty two patients who had underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon from Mar. 1996 to Mar. 1997 were reviewed. The average follow-up was 16 months and average age at operation was 27 years old. Clinical results were evaluated with physical examination, Lysholm Knee score and instrumented anterior laxity test with Telos Results : The average preoperative Lysholm knee score was 57.0 and postoperative average of that was 91.8. All cases of 62 patients had normal range of motion of knee and were able to walk with no problems at follow-up. On the Lachmann test, there were mild(+) instability in 24 cases, moderate(++) in 24 cases, severe(+++) in 14 cases preoperatively and 48 cases were converted to negative, 14 cases mild postoperatively. On instrumented anterior laxity test with Telos, difference between normal and affected knee on 20 lb which was 13.4mm preoperatively was decreased to 4.7mm at follow-up and anterior stability was regained(P<0.05). Parapatellar complications such as crepitus in 18 cases(29.5%), atrophy of quadriceps in 23 cases(36.5%) were observed. There were 2 cases of inaccuracy of guide pin of semifix screw intraoperatively and 3 cases of malposition of semifix screw postoperatively. Conclusion : ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon seems to be a effective procedure to establish the stability of knee joint but is technically demanding procedure and leaves some parapatellar complications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2004

Background : It is important to predict the exercise capacity and dyspnea, as measurements of lung volume, in patients with COPD. However, lung volume changes in response to an improvement in airflow limitation have not been explored in detail. In the present study, it is hypothesized that lung volume responses might not be accurately predicted by flow responses in patients with moderate to severe airflow limitations. Methods : To evaluate lung volume responses, baseline and follow up, flow and lung volumes were measured in moderate to severe COPD patients. The flow response was defined by an improvement in the $FEV_1$ of more than 12.3%; lung volume changes were analyzed in 17 patients for the flow response. Results : The mean age of the subjects was 66 years; 76% were men. The mean baseline $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC and RV were 0.98L (44.2% predicted), 47.5% and 4.65 L (241.5%), respectively. The mean follow up duration was 80 days. The mean differences in the $FEV_1$, FVC, TLC and RV were 0.27 L, 0.39 L, -0.69 L and -1.04 L, respectively, during the follow up periods. There was no correlation between the delta $FEV_1$ and delta RV values(r=0.072, p=0.738). Conclusion : To appropriately evaluate the lung function in patients with moderate to severe airflow limitations; serial lung volume measurements would be helpful.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.177-185
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• 2009

Purpose: Preoperative clinical staging of gastric cancer is very important for determining the treatment plans and predicting the prognosis. The previous reports regarding the accuracy of computed tomography or endoscopic ultrasound for the preoperative staging of gastric cancer have shown various outcomes. We analyzed the diagnostic performance of CT and EUS, which are important staging tools for the staging of TN gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1,174 patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer at Seoul National University Bundang Hostpital from May, 2003 to December, 2007. We derived the Kappa value to examine the agreement of the preoperative staging obtained from CT and EUS with the pathological staging. Results: The mean age of the 1,174 patients was $59.31{\pm}11.98$ years. Six hundred thirty seven patients had early gastric cancer and 536 had advanced gastric cancer. The diagnostic performance between CT and EUS for the T staging showed no significant difference between CT and EUS for the kappa values. The kappa values showed moderate agreement at 0.4039 (P=0.021) and 0.4201 (P=0.026), respectively. This suggests that there is no difference between the two examinations for the overall T staging. Analysis of the discrimination of mucosal and submucosal lesions with EUS showed an accuracy of 58.92% and a Kappa value of 0.206 (P<0.001), suggesting fair agreement and a lower diagnostic performance than expected. To differentiate lesions with stages higher than or equal to T2 or T3 from the lesion with stages lower than T2 or T3, respectively, adoption of the higher stage from the CT staging or the EUS staging showed a larger AUC of 0.84 than that from either stage alone. The CT-derived node stage had the higher diagnostic performance (68.55%) than that of the EUS-derived node stage (60.82%) for the node staging. Conclusion: The CT-derived stage and EUS-derived stage showed comparable results for determining the T stage of gastric cancer. Yet the higher stage of the two stages from CT and EUS most accurately discriminated between those lesions with stages higher than T2 and those lesions with stages lower than T2.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2001

Background : This study aimed to estimate the clinical outcome and identify the characteristics of a group of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who completed anti-tuberculosis therapy with the First-line drugs in spite of having positive smear results with negative sputum culture results over the previous six months. Method : A retrospective chart review of 21 patients who fulfilled the above criteria between 1995 and 1999 was performed. The laboratory data as well as the clinical data of the patients with positive smear results and negative culture results over a six months period were reviewed. Results : The negative conversion of sputum culture results was achieved within $1.3{\pm}1.2$ months and the negative conversion of the sputum smear results was accomplished during $9.5{\pm}3.3$ months. Chest X-rays at 5 months following the institution of anti-tuberculosis therapy from all patients revealed improvements. Four out of 21 patients(19%) relapsed during the follow up, $15.2{\pm}13.4$ months after administering anti-tuberculosis therapy for $13.3{\pm}3.1$ months. Relapses were confirmed from between 3 months and 4 months after the treatment completion. Only one of the four relapses had no past history of anti-tuberculosis therapy and the others had prior treatment twice (p<0.01). The period of anti-tuberculosis treatment was extended to a mean of $4.6{\pm}2.6$ months in 12 patients. However, prolongation of anti-tuberculosis therapy had no affect on the relapse rate (odds ratio, 95% CI 0.18, 2.15). Conclusion : Prolongation of therapy with the First-line drugs is not necessary for patients with persistently positive smear results over 6 months and negative culture results. A patient who has had prior anti-tuberculosis therapy more than twice should be paid the closest attention.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1988

Anti-Clonorchis IgG antibody levels in serum were observed by ELISA in 129 egg positive cases and in 25 controls. The antibody levels were 0.063 to 1.216 (0.325±0.202) in clonorchiasis cases and 0.078 to 0.670 (0.255±0.133) in controls. The difference was statistically significant. However, serological diagnosis of clonorchiasis was not satisfactory in lightly infected cases because of low levels of specific lgG antibody. The antibody levels were well correlated with EPG. Changes of the IgG antibody levels were not signiscant 12∼14 days, 4 weeks and 8∼9 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Seven and 13 months after treatment, the IgG antibody levels were lowered significantly. The period for serologically negative conversion after prasiquantel treatment was between 9 weeks and 7 months in human clonorchiasls.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of depression, discomfort, spirituality, physical care, and opioid use on pain with terminally ill cancer patients in the hospice units. Method : The convenient sample of this study consisted of 58 terminally ill cancer patients at three hospice units in university-affiliated hospitals. Patients were interviewed with structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multivariate multiple regression. Result : The results of this study were as follows : 1) The mean age of the participants was approximately 57 years. Regarding diagnosis, stomach cancer showed the highest frequency (24.1%), followed by lung cancer (17.2%) and rectal cancer (13.8%). Regarding motivation for admission to the hospice unit, the majority of the participants indicated pain control (67.2%), followed by spiritual care (39.7%), and symptom relief (27.6%). 2) The mean pain level measured by VAS was 5.13 (${\pm}2.61$). Regarding pain type, the highest pain frequency the participants experienced was deep pain (53.4%), followed by multiple pain (20.7%), intestinal pain (17.3%), and neurogenic (5.2%) and superficial pain (3.4%). 3) Regarding the factors influencing pain, the pain level was significantly affected by the depression level (P<0.01) and the opioid use (P<0.01). Conclusion, In summary, the higher the level of pain the terminally ill cancer patents had the higher the depression level as well as the opioid use. Thus, health care professionals need to continuously provide holistic care for them to die comfortably.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1997

There have been many recent reports that unilateral renal agenesis and multicystic dysplastic kidneys are accompanied by contralateral vesicoureteral reflux leading to its injury. We grouped the children with unilateral renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia, multicystic dysplastic kidney into abnormal unilateral renal development and investigated whether it was accompanied with contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. We retrospectively reviewed 96 pediatric cases of unilateral renal agenesis, hypoplasia, multicystic dysplastic kidney diagnosed at Shinchon Severance Hospital, Yongdong Severance Hospital from 1987 to 1996 and Ajou University Hospital from 1994 to 1996. Diagnosis was based on radiological findings, renal hypoplasia being defined as small renal size with no apparent renal scarring and no irregularity of the calyceopelvic system on abdominal sonography or intravenous pyelography. Among the 96 cases,48 cases carried out voiding cystourethrography. 58 cases were male(60%) and 38 cases were female(40%). The cases of abnormal unilateral development on the left side were 45(47%) and that on the right side were 51(53%). Although there were diverse reasons leading to diagnosis, the major ones included were prenatal sonography, urinary tract infection, and other congenital anomalies. In cases of unilateral renal agenesis & hypoplasia the leading factors were urinary tract infection & other congenital anomalies and in cases of multicystic dysplastic kidney that was prenatal sonography. There was a chronological gap between the mean age of diagnosis(1.8 year) and voiding cystouerthrography(2.5 year, P < 0.01). 9 of the 18 unilateral renal agenesis cases, 5 of the 11 unilateral renal hypoplasia cases, and 3 of the 19 unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney cases showed contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. Average reflux grade was above G III.Among the 17 children who had contralateral vesicoureteral reflux, 3 children had chronic renal failure and ureteroneocystostomy was carried out in 6 children. From the above results we conclude that screening voiding cystourethrography should be performed in children with abnormal unilateral renal development for early detection of vesicoureteral reflux in the contralateral kidney.