• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.73-76
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• 2004

에밀레종은 서기 771년도(신라 혜공왕 7년)에 완성한 것으로 성덕대왕의 공적을 기리기 위해 34년간 주조(높이 3.663m, 최대지름 2.227 m, 무게 18.900, 두께 $7.7\~21.5m$)한 에밀레종의 과학성은 놀랄만하다. 외형도 미려하지만 종소리는 천, 지, 인을 뒤흔드는 신비감을 갖추고 있다. 에밀레 종소리는 끊어질 듯 이어지는 소리, 애끓는 소리, 심금을 울리는 소리 등의 특징을 갖는데 끊어질듯 이어지는 소리는 맥놀이 현상으로 나타난다. 지금까지 에밀레 종소리 규명에 대한 많은 연구가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 스펙트럼 분석을 통하여 에밀레 종소리에서 나타난 기본 주파수 64Hz, 168Hz, 360Hz, 480Hz 특성과 중년 남성의 목소리를 음성 분석기의 분석한 파형, 스펙트럼, 스펙트로그램으로 상호간의 비교 분석을 통하여 유사성을 규명하였다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.264-281
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• 2015

Suicidal ideation has received much attention from both practitioners and researchers as Korean society becomes aging and individualistic. However, previous researches on the suicide ideation have focused on young generations instead of adults who seem to be more suffered from economic pressure and all kinds of exterior environments causing depression. Besides, there were research voids in the suicidal ideation area where depression was never taken into consideration. In this sense, we attempted to launch empirical studies on analyzing explanatory factors relevant to suicidal ideation in all the age groups by using KNHANES dataset from 2008~2012 years. Especially, we further analyzed KNHANES dataset to know how much depression affects suicidal ideation. Empirical results showed that depression is in a significant relationship with the suicidal ideation in all the demographic dimensions such as age, education, living area, etc.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.296-312
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• 2011

Korea has been suffering from financial hardship with low birth rate and rapid growing of advanced aged people because low economic growth and low interest rate have continued after IMF foreign-exchange crisis. Under these circumstances, it is necessary for the middle-aged people to have well-prepared retirement plan in the sense of physical, psychological, social and economical preparedness. The study intends to find out how the occupation and activity characteristics affect the physical, psychological, social and economical preparation for their remaining old age. For the purpose, questionnaires were collected from 344 middle-aged people working in private companies, public offices and small-business owners in metropolitan and Chungcheong province. The findings are as follows: First, they were physically well-prepared, as they thought their leisure activity was more important, their occupational role was more stable and they were old and healthy. Second, Women had notion about their occupation if they kept a good relationship with their colleagues. And they were psychologically prepared well as they valued their leisure activities. Third, if they perceived their occupations as stable and had more social and leisure activities, they were socially well-prepared. Fourth, Although the level of economical preparation depends on their wealth, the occupation and activity characteristics had no effect on the economical preparation. These findings imply that the retirement preparation as a recent social issue has been influenced by the nature of occupation and activity and suggest that the definite policy and program will be required for the retirement preparation of the middle-aged people from various aspects.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.153-167
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine factors influencing health-related quality of life in middle and old adult one-person households. Method: This study carried out secondary analysis using the data from the $7^{th}$ Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subject samples who were selected are 497 middle and old adult one-person households over 40 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple and multiple regression techniques with the SPSS/WIN 24 program. Result: Factors influencing health-related quality of life in middle adult one-person households were activity limitation, depression, exercise, smoking habits with 57% prediction. In male old adult one-person households they were subjective health, metabolic syndrome, activity limitation, perceived stress with 44.8% prediction and in female old adult one-person households they were subjective health, activity limitation, home income with 35.9% prediction. Conclusion: Therefore, to improve their health-related quality of life it needs to develop & to apply national and local promotion policy and intervention program on health-related quality of life of middle and old adult one-person households.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.513-522
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• 2002

This study investigated stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms in mid-life men, and examined their relationship in order to better understand the stress and climacteric symptom experiences of mid-life men, and thereby attempted to offer basic materials for the development of a health improvement program that may help increase the quality of life of mid-life men. Three hundred mid-life men whose ages were between 40 and 59 and resided in the Seoul area were subjects of this study. The data were analyzed with the SAS PC program using descriptive statistics to analyze subjects' general characteristics and variables of stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms of the subjects. The relationship between stress and climacteric symptoms were examined by the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms in relation to the general characteristics were analyzed by T-test and ANOVA. The study conclusions are as follows: 1. Subjects general characteristics The average, age of the subjects was 46 and 47.0% of them reported ages between 40 and 45. Of the subjects, 98% were married. In marriage satisfaction, those who were generally satisfied with their married life comprised 62.0% of the subjects. In terms of level of education, 95.7% were educated above the high school level. In occupational background, 59.7% had occupations related to technologies. As for religion, 42.7% had no religion. In number of children, 67.3% had 2 children. In residential status, 79,3% were living in their own homes. In terms of living arrangements, 87.7% of the subjects were living in the form of nuclear families. 2. Stress and the extent of climacteric symptoms The level of stress was scored as $2.94{\pm}0.74$, and considering that the overall examination score is $27.16{\pm}1.32$, the subjects' stress level was not viewed as particularly high. The average score of the extent of climacteric symptoms was $35.37{\pm}0.27$. The extent of sub-domains of climacteric symptoms included skeleton symptoms ($39.37{\pm}2.81$), joint pain ($39.16{\pm}3.66$), vasomotor symptoms ($35.39{\pm}3.01$), other symptoms ($36.99{\pm}3.02$), psychological symptoms ($34.68{\pm}3.01$), urogenic symptoms ($35.03{\pm}3.27$), and cardiovascular symptoms ($33.70{\pm}2.78$). 3. General characteristics in relation to the stress level The subjects' general characteristics that were significantly related to the level of stress were marriage status (F=4.38, p=.001), marriage satisfaction (F=4.56, p=.001), educational background (F=2.68, p=.012), and age (F=2.48, p=.033). 4. General characteristics in relation to the level of climacteric symptoms The subjects' general characteristics that were significantly related to the level of climacteric symptoms were educational background (F=3.26, p=.007), age (F=2.58, p=.027), marriage status (F=2.62, p=.025), and marriage satisfaction (F=2.78. p=.032). 5. The correlation between stress and climacteric symptoms The subjects' level of stress and climacteric symptoms were significantly related to each other (r=0.578, p=0.000). The subjects' level of stress was correlated with sub-domains of the climacteric symptoms including psychological symptoms (r=0.579, p=0.000), joint pain (r=0.479, p=0.000), skeleton symptoms (r=0.477, p=0.000), other symptoms (r=0.467, p=0.000), vasomotor symptoms (r=0.4615, p=0.000), cardiovascular symptoms (r=0.458, p=0.000), urogenic symptoms (r=0.401. p=0.000). In summary, the climacteric symptoms suffered by mid-life men are positively correlated with their level of stress. In addition, the climacteric symptoms were affected by the level of stress.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.464-473
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• 2009

The serum levels of antioxidant materials (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, retinol) of the healthy Korean middle-aged adults (n = 373) were measured and their relationships with the serum lipids and anthropometric indices were analyzed. The serum levels of ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein were higher than those of lycopene and ${\alpha}$-carotene. The levels of all measured carotenoids except lutein were significantly higher in females than in males, but retinol level was vice versa. There was a tendency of increase in serum levels of antioxidant vitamins with increasing age. The serum carotenoid levels had a positive correlation with serum cholesterol and a negative correlation with serum triglyceride. The serum levels of tocopherols or retinol showed a significantly positive relationship with blood cholesterol or triglyceride. In overall, anthropometric indices showed negative relations with serum carotenoids levels, but vice versa with serum tocopherol or retinol levels. Particularly, ${\beta}$-carotene and lutein levels showed a significantly negative relation with blood pressure in male subjects. The serum levels of ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene and ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin had significantly negative relations with body fat-related indices in female subjects. The results demonstrated that blood antioxidants levels differed by sex and age, and had significant relations with blood lipid levels and anthropometric indices. Therefore, the rationale and significance of the relationships need to be elucidated in the future study related to dietary intakes and life style.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.168-183
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• 2023

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of death not only in Korea but also worldwide. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been extensively investigated, but studies on nutritional intake and eating habits are scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze the general characteristics, dietary habits, and nutritional status of Korean adults based on their AIP values using data from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: A total number of 3,040 adults in their 20s and 30s were included as study subjects. They were divided into quintiles according to their AIP values. Comparisons were then made among the general information, eating habits, and nutritional intake statuses of the groups. Results: The averages of AIP were different by age, obese status, education, occupation, alcohol drinking frequency, smoking, and exercise in men. As for women, the averages of AIP were different by age, obese status, education, occupation, alcohol drinking frequency, and smoking status. Except for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, higher AIP values in men were associated with significant increasing trends in health indicators, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. As for women, as AIP increased, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol showed significant increasing trends except HDL-cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol showed a significant decreasing trend as AIP increased in men and women. In the high AIP group of women, the frequency of breakfast was lower, whereas the frequency of alcohol beverage consumption was higher. Conclusion: Among young adults, the risk of arteriosclerosis was higher in obese, smoking, and non-exercise individuals. More frequent alcohol drink consumption in women is associated with a higher risk of arteriosclerosis. Therefore, weight and lifestyle management are necessary for the prevention of atherosclerosis among young adults.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.83-102
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• 2017

Expending on a life course perspective, this study explores the long-term and short-term reciprocity in parent-child relationships in Korean context. Since the reasons for providing filial support are believed to differ by gender, we focused on how a child's gender affects both types of reciprocity. Data were collected from middle-aged sons (N=726) and daughters (N=883) with at least one surviving parent. Logistic regression was then conducted in order to examine the relations between the support a child currently provides to parents and the current or previous support received from the parents. Dependent variables are financial and instrumental support that middle-aged child currently provide to the parents. The financial and instrumental support a child received from the parents within a year are included in the model as an independent variable to assess short-term reciprocity. The level of financial support a child has received during the transition to adulthood process is included in the model as a independent variable to explore long-term reciprocity. Result supports the existence of gender differences in the long-term reciprocity. Daughters provided instrumental support in response to the financial support that they had received from parents during the transition to adulthood process. However, for sons, this tendency was not found. When it comes to financial support, long-term reciprocity was observed neither for the sons nor for the daughters. Both sons and daughters are prone to provide financial support to the aged parents regardless of the level of financial support they had received during the transition to adulthood process. Short-term reciprocity was found both in sons and daughters. when they have been receiving a financial or an instrumental support from the aged parents within a year, they tend to provided instrumental support to the parents. This study shows that the aged parents still fulfill the reciprocal relationship to a certain degree. Secondly, we can conclude that the norm of reciprocity interplays with the norm of filial responsibility in contemporary Korea.

• 한국노년학
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.211-227
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of emotional life across the life span and to examine the affective optimization theory emphasized positive aspect of aging. Three age groups(young group N=238. middle group N=495, old group N=283) were participated in this study. As a result, there were no age differences between the old and the middle group in the frequency of positive emotion experiences, but the old group experience more negative emotions than the middle group. However, generally they experienced positive emotions more often than negative emotions. Also, there were age differences in choosing social goals. The older group took the goals that related to emotional regulation and personal relationship more important than the goals related to learn something new or approve their ability. Interestingly, there were no age differences among three age groups in subjective well-being even though there existed differences in experiences of frequency of positive and negative emotions. Finally, the importance of role of the affective optimization in subjective well-being and adaptation in later life was discussed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.232-241
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• 1998

음주습관과 심혈관계 질환 위험요인사이의 관련성을 파악하기 위하여, 1996년 한국 경북에 있는 도시지역 한 철강회사에서 40-50대(40-59세) 남자 근로자 3444명으로부터 공복시 혈액을 10m1 채취하여 혈청지질, 혈당, Uric acid를 측정하고 신장, 체중, 혈압(10-20분 휴식후 측정)과 EKG를 측정하였다. 과거병력, 현재 건강상태, 음주량과 기간 및 음주종류를 포함한 생활습관, 흡연량/일, 운동시간/주 등의 설문지를 작성하였다. 알콜 소비량은 양-빈도의 Index에 의해 측정되었다. 한국 중년 남자에 대한 음주량, 음주기간, 알콜종류등에 따른 심혈관계 질환의 위험요인 유무 정도를 알아보기 위해, 비음주자를 기준으로하여 비교대상군은 금주자와 음주량(2군) 등에 의해 3군으로 분류하였으며, 음주기간에 따른 심혈관계 질환의 위험요인 유무정도를 알아보기 위해 비음주자을 기준으로하여 비교 대상군은 금주자와 음주기간(4군)에 따라 5군으로 분류하였다. 알콜종류에 따른 심혈관계 질환의 위험요인 유무정도를 알아보기 위해 비음주자을 기준으로하여 비교 대상군은 금주자와 음주알콜종류(3군)에 따라 4군으로 분류하였다. 심혈관계 질환 위험요인은 기준되는 범주를 2개(Table 1)로 분류하여 2*2표를 이용하여 odds ratio(dummy variable로 처리), ${\beta}$-coefficient와 표준오차를 이용해서 신뢰구간(95% C.I.)을 구하여 유의성 검정을 하였다. 금주자의 정의는 과거 3달 이상 술을 마시지 않는 사람을 말한다. 연구 집단의 평균 연령은 $44.4{\pm}3.9$세 이며, 비음주자는 649명으로 18.9%, 금주자는 70명(2.0%)이며 음주자는 2725명(79.1%)이다. 음주자중 에타놀 섭취를 평균 100.5g/주(median) 미만인 군은 1239명으로 연구집단 3444명중 35.7%이며, 평균 100.5g/주(median) 이상 음주군은 1276명으로 44.5%이었다. 3444명중 1532명(44.5%) 이 맥주와 소주를 섞어서 마시는 사람이었다. 음주 양에서, 연령, 흡연 양, 흡연 기간, 운동, 음주기간, 알콜종류 등을 통제하여 logistic regression한 결과, 비음주자에 비해 중정도 음주자(${\ge}$100.5gm/week ethanol)의 확장기 혈압의 Odds ratio는 1.33배로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 다른 요인들은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 알콜종류에서도 연령, 흡연 양, 흡연 기간, 운동, 음주양, 음주기간, 등을 통제한, 비음주자에 비해 맥주와 소주를 섞어 마시는 음주자의 확장기 혈압의 Odds ratio는 1.38배로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). 다른 요인들은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반면에 음주 습관 중 음주기간에서는 연령, 흡연양, 흡연 기간, 운동, 음주양, 알콜종류 등을 통제한 logistic regression 분석 결과 유의한 차이를 보인 것은 없었다. 그러나 음주기간과 심혈관계 질환 위험요인중 수축기와 확장기 혈압과의 관계는 J 모양을 나타내었다 . 수축기 혈압의 금주자군은 비차비가 1.0보다 약간 낮고(Odds ratio=0.88) 음주기간이 2-10년인 군의 Odds ratio=1.14, 음주기간이 11-20 년인군의 Odds ratio =1.18, 21년 이상인 군의 Odds ratio=1.20로 비음주자의 odds ratio=1에 비해 점차적으로 위험이 높아졌다. 확장기 혈압의 금주자군은 비차비가 1.0보다 약간 낮고(Odds ratio=0.91), 음주기간이 1년 이하인 군의 Odds ratio=1.18, 음주기간이 2-10 년인 군의 Odds ratio=1.23, 음주기간이 11-20 년인 군의 Odds ratio=1.27, 21년 이상인 군의 Odds ratio=1.27로 비음주자의 odds ratio=1에 비해 점차적으로 위험이 높아졌다.