• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.389-409
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• 2012

The Switched Bill of Lading(SBL) has been in frequent use in recent years as intermediary trade increases with the growing number of companies' overseas subsidiaries. Its frequent use, though, has brought about disputes regarding its illegal issue. Although there are several legal cases regarding this, studies on this issue are hard to find. Therefore, this study tries to provide countermeasures and precautions against unlawful issues of SBL through examining the legal cases resulting from illegal issuing practices of SBL. When the Switched Bill of Lading is issued, the shipper, consignee, port of loading and unloading, and shipping date of the original bill of lading are usually changed. Statements which may put the shipper at a disadvantageous position may also be deleted and/or the bill of lading may be either divided or integrated when it is issued. However, if the carrier issues the SBL 1)without withdrawing original BL, 2)indicating the shipping date, port of loading and port of discharge falsely, or 3)deleting the statements which may give him disadvantages, it may be regarded as an illegal issue. These unlawful issues of SBL may pose a huge threat to the shipper, banks and the parties relating to the trade. That is, the shipper may take a substantial loss when the goods can be delivered to a third party by SBL without his collecting the proceeds. The issuing bank and the negotiating bank may also have their security rights to the goods hampered by the illegal and improper issue of SBL. In most cases, the carrier has no choice but to issue the SBL without collecting the original BL for fear of hurting the relationship with the intermediary traders. This practice of issuing more than two sets of BL may pose a potential risk to the carrier.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.287-294
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• 2018

This thesis covers legal aspects of the crypto-currency exchange and the legal rights of crypto-currencies holders. Unlike financial markets in which central authorities or intermediaries determine the validity of transactions and manage records, crypto-currency markets utilize a decentralization system based on block chain technology. Such distinct characteristics distinguish crypto-currency from currency, notes, or financial instruments. Therefore, we need to check closely the legal principles that are applicable to crypto-currency. Crypto-currency users possess rights indirectly through the crypto-currency exchange. However, we should look at whether crypto-currency can be an object of ownership. This research found that legal protection for crypto-currency exchanges are limited. Domestic laws have many shortcomings to protect users' rights. This study found that users who incurred damages due to internet computation errors at exchanges require a protective system like stock markets. Therefore, studies on the legal controls and system regulations are required to protect users' rights. Also, crypto-currency information exchanges keep inside and protections for users' private information need to be further examined.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.254-266
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• 2011

Wired and mobile Internet has led to increase in online broadcasting content market size. In particular, the fast-growing smart devices like smart phone and tablet PC in mobile Internet market has accelerated the growth of online broadcasting content service market. Meanwhile, the illegal distribution of online broadcasting content has been widespread in this market. There are also significant transaction costs, search costs, contracting and coordination costs in online broadcasting content market. MCP(Master content provider) which is a content distributor has been playing a critical role in preventing illegal content distribution, reducing costs and removing inefficiencies of online broadcasting content market. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the competency of MCP to streamline the online broadcasting contents market from the resource- based view. And this study conducted a case study to explain the status of online broadcasting content market and define what kinds of problems and issues are there in the market in a systematic way. The case study also showed how MCP competency plays an important role in reducing administrative and transaction costs and in solving illegal content distribution and other inefficiencies of the online broadcasting contents market.

• Survey Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2004

A usual method to measure purchase price of apt. complex household is to survey the minimum and the maximum purchase price. However, this method may cause some bias when we are to estimate the average purchase price of a apt complex household. In this paper, we suggest a new measuring method, which inquires the general purchase price in addition to the minimum and the maximum purchase price. A survey result executed on some realtors shows that the proposed measuring method is an applicable and reasonable one.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.31-55
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• 1992

금융기관(金融機關)은 기업, 가계, 정부와 함께 우리 경제를 구성하는 주요한 부분이다. 금융기관은 최종적 차입자와 최종적 대부자를 중개하는 과정에서 여러가지 서어비스를 우리에게 제공하면서 존재한다. 금융기관이 제공하는 서어비스는 우리의 경제생활에 매우 중요한 영향을 미친다. 금융기관의 행동이 경제에 미치는 영향을 분석하기에 앞서 어떤 조건하에서 금융기관이 존립할 수 있는가를 알아보는 것도 금융기관의 행동을 이해하기 위해 의미있는 일일 것이다. 본 논문은 정보불균형(情報不均衡)의 관점에서 금융기관의 존립을 분석, 설명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 경제문제의 불확실성과 복잡성의 증대는 민간의 제한된 합리성을 더욱 제한되게 만들고 역으로 제한된 합리성 때문에 불확실성과 복잡성은 더욱 중요한 문제가 된다. 여기에다 인간의 이기주의가 결합하게 되면 정보의 유통이 불완전해져 정보가 불균등하게 분포하게 되는 현상이 생긴다. 정보불균형(情報不均衡)은 거래를 위촉시키고 극단적인 경우 시장실패(市場失敗)를 가져온다. 금융기관은 정보생산을 통해 거래위축이나 시장주패(市場朱敗)를 방지할 수 있는 역할을 한다. 금융기관이 정보생산을 한다고 해도 개별정보생산자나 직접 금융에 비해 정보생산비용면에서 우위를 가질 수 있어야 금융기관의 존립은 가능할 것이다. 즉 정보불균형(情報不均衡)을 해소하기 위한 정보생산이 금융기관이 존립할 수 있는 필요조건이라면, 정보생산의 경제성은 금융기관이 존립할 수 있는 필요충분조건이 된다고 할 수 있다. 금융기관이 개별정보생산자나 직접 금융보다 정보생산면에서의 경제성을 가질 수 있는 가능성은 첫째, 분산효과(分散效果)로 인한 대리비용(代理費用)의 감소(減小) 둘째, 분산효과(分散效果)로 인한 구성원보상(構成員補償)의 불확실성감소(不確實性減小) 세째, 금융기관 구성원간의 정보공유효과(情報共有效果)이다.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.49-69
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• 2009

With the proliferation of electronic commerce, online transactions have become a norm. Its enormous potential, however, can be truly realized if consumers feel comfortable facing invisible sellers over the Internet, a virtual business channel. Trust has been identified as a key component in many e-Commerce studies. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors play a major role in building buyer trust and how the build-up trust affects buyer's purchase intention in online used car transactions. Based on the information asymmetry, TAM (Technology Acceptance Model), and the trust theory, our research model includes factors such as a buyer's propensity-to-trust, institutional characteristics (inspection and warranty policy), word-of-mouth referral, perceived size, and perceived benefits as independent variables. The model also includes trust as a mediate variable, purchase intention as a dependent variable, and perceived quality risk as a moderate variable. The research model is tested by analyzing 448 sample data gathered from used car websites. The result shows that the trust has significant effects on the online purchase intention, and institutional characteristics have been identified as one of the most significant factors for trust building in used car websites. For those who perceive quality risk high, actual purchasing behavior occurs only when they have trust on the used car websites, indicating that trust plays a vital role as a mediate variable. This study suggests that buyer trust on the used car websites is important to increase buyer's online purchase behavior.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.113-139
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• 2007

This study aims to, looking from a standpoint of network, has investigated the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace, the characteristics that can earn electronic trust from the users, and characteristics of the web-site. It has examined the mechanism whereby electronic trust be earned and how it affects web-site involvement and service transaction intention. Ultimately, The study attempts to make proposals whereby such trust can lead for a cooperative trading community in the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace The Covalence structural equation modeling was designed and empirically tested for the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace. The shipping industry employees were given questionnaires and data were analyzed. Except for perceived security of the three characteristic factors on the web-site, the perceived site quality and characteristics factors in operation only affected co-variables. Transaction Fairness was determined to be the most important factor among exogenous factors increasing electronic trust. With regards to transaction rules, if a transaction is beneficial only to one side, then no long term transaction will not take place. If the concerned parties properly recognize that transaction fairness is crucial to electronic transaction, then it will enormously contribute to successful operations of shipping e-marketplace. Also, Perceived efficiency in transaction also affects electronic trust. This reduces transaction costs and speeds up and simplifies the transaction process. It has reduced greater time and costs than existing off-line transaction, and would positively affect electronic trust. By making an open forum for participants to obtain information for transaction, they can gather useful information, and at the same time, the web-site operator can provide information, which, in turn, will increase electronic trust in electronic transaction. Furthermore, such formation of trust in electronic transaction influences shipping companies in such a way that they will want to continuously participate in the transaction, raising web-site involvement. The result of increased trust is that shipping companies in the future will do business with each other and form a foundation for continuous transactions amongst themselves. Consequently, the formation of trust in electronic transaction greatly influences web-site involvement and service transaction intention. The results of the study have again proved that in order to maintain continuous business relationship with the current clients, electronic trust in virtual space, which operates the shipping industry's B2B e-marketplace, is important for the interested parties.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.495-505
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• 2006

In order to classify aerosol type, Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Fine mode Fraction (FF), which is the optical thickness ratio of small particles$(<1{\mu}m)$ to total particles, data from MODIS (MODerate Imaging Spectraradiometer) aerosol products were analyzed over North-East Asia during one year period of 2005. A study area was in the ocean region of $20^{\circ}N\sim50^{\circ}N$ and $110^{\circ}E\simt50^{\circ}E$. Three main atmospheric aerosols such as dust, sea-salt, and pollution can be classified by using the relationship between AOT and FF. Dust aerosol has frequently observed over the study area with relatively high aerosol loading (AOT>0.3) of large particles (FF<0.65) and its contribution to total AOT in spring was up to 24.0%. Pollution aerosol, which is originated from anthropogenic sources as well as a natural process like biomass burning, has observed in the regime of high FF (>0.65) with wide AOT variation. Average pollution AOT was $0.31{\pm}0.05$ and its contribution to total AOT was 79.8% in summer. Characteristic of sea-salt aerosol was identified with low AOT (<0.3), almost below 0.1, and slightly higher FF than dust and lower FF than pollution. Seasonal analysis results show that maximum AOT $(0.33{\pm}0.11)$ with FF $(0.66{\pm}0.21)$ in spring and minimum AOT $(0.19{\pm}0.05)$, FF $(0.60{\pm}0.14)$ in fall were observed in the study area. Spatial characteristic was that AOT increasing trend is observed as closing to the eastern part of China due to transport of aerosols from China by the prevailing westerlies.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.05b
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• pp.1461-1464
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• 2003

웹서비스는 XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI 등 기술 표준의 진화를 계기로 기업간의 거래나 인터넷 환경에 있어 가장 핵심이슈로 등장하고 있다. 그러나, 제반 기술 요소와 운영의 특성상 서비스의 품질, 가용성, 성능, 보안등에 대한 보장성 문제가 대두되고 있으며 이로 인해 기업 환경에 적용되어 확산되기까지는 어려움이 많다. 웹 서비스는 Management 영역별로 필요한 핵심요소와 그 기능들의 역할이 웹 서비스 확산 및 운영상의 성공 요인이 될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 웹서비스 제공자와 사용자간의 중개자 역할을 수행하여 상호간의 신뢰성 있는 서비스 제공의 기반이 되는 Intermediary 영역에 대해 분류 및 기술하고 그 구성요소와 아키텍쳐 모델을 제시한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2014.04a
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• pp.121-123
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• 2014

클라우드 브로커는 대규모의 데이터센터를 거느린 클라우드 서비스 제공자와 그로부터 제공되는 자원을 이용하여 원하는 작업을 실행하는 클라우드 이용자 사이를 중개하여 제공자 측에는 보다 많은 이용자들이 서비스를 이용하는 데 용이하도록 하여 수익을 증대시키고, 이용자 측에는 정해진 예산 내에서 서비스 협정(Service Level Agreement, SLA)를 보장하여 원하는 작업을 실행하도록 하는 역할을 수행하여 스스로의 이익을 창출한다. 본 논문에서는 클라우드 브로커의 이러한 서비스 차익거래를 위해 필요한 VM 풀의 운영에 있어 효과적인 VM 예약 기법을 제안한다.