• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2008

Purpose: This study measured Y-intercept that means a fixation disparity, X-intercept that means a associated phoria and slope of a fixation disparity curve (FDC), which are variables of dissociated phoria and the FDC. We searched for the result value and examined the direction, distribution pattern and a variable that give an most affect on dissociated phoria and the FDC at distance and near. Also this study examined that there were statistically significant differences between distance and near, comparing the result value. Methods: We measured the dissociated phoria and the fixation disparity for 51 subjects at distance and near in June, 2007. All subjects ranged from 20 to 25 years of age (average 21.72${\pm}$1.88 years old) and had no eye disease. At distance the dissociated phoria measured with the distance MIM card (muscle imbalance measure card, Bernell co., USA), and the fixation disparity measured with the modified Mallett Far Unit (Bernell co., USA). At near the dissociated phoria measured with the near MIM card (muscle imbalance measure card, Bernell co., USA), and the fixation disparity measured with the Wesson fixation disparity card (American Optical co., USA). Results: The percentage distribution of types of fixation disparity curves was that at distance prevalence of Type I (74.6%) was the highest, followed by Type IV (17.6%) and Type II (3.9%), Type III (3.9%) and that at near prevalence of Type I (53.0%) was the highest, followed by Type III (29.4%), Type IV (13.7%) and Type II (3.9%). 2. There were significantly correlation in dissociated phoria, fixation disparity (Y-intercept) and associated phoria (X-intercept). 3. The fixation disparity at distance was most affected by associated phoria (X-intercept) (p=0.000). The distance dissociated phoria was most affected by fixation disparity (Y-intercept) (p=0.342), but the influence was weak. 4. The fixation disparity at near was most affected by associated phoria (X-intercept) (p=0.000). The near also dissociated phoria was most affected by associated phoria (X-intercept) (p=0.009). The result that compared the each variables with the same variables at distance and near had statistically significant on paired t-test for among dissociated phoria (t=7.529, p=0.000), X-intercept (t=5.860, p=0.000), the Y-intercept (t=4.640, p=0.000) but slope of the FDC did not differ significant (t=1.336 p=0.188). Conclusions: Relationship of fixation disparity and Heterophoria had close correlation at distance and near.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate a correlation between vertical fixation disparity and stereopsis by analyzing distribution of types of vertical fixation disparity. Methods: In this study, RANDOT(R) stereotest partly using random dot was used in stereopsis tests. The vertical fixation disparity in close proximity categorized fixation disparity slope into six types on the basis of the result of measurement in when two thin lines, one for one eye looks, become overlapped as a line by adding into prism with Wesson fixation disparity card while maintaining a distance of 25 cm from patients. Results: In the types of near vertical fixation disparity curve, targeting 43 people, the first type 55.82% was the most distributed, the second type is the least 23.25%, the third type of 4.65%, the fourth type of 4.65%, the fifth type of 6.98%, the sixths types of 4.65% were distributed. The result of a correlation analysis, which shows the degree of linear correlation between two variables, represented that stereopsis is not correlated with Y-intercept (r = -0.07) which show vertical fixation disparity, associated phoria (r = -0.03) and dissociated phoria (r = -0.00), but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Fixation disparity slope of vertical fixation disparity (r = 0.36) was shown to have a positive correlation with stereopsis. It has a low positive correlation and a meaningful statistics (p<0.05). The Y-intercept which indicates vertical fixation disparity was also not associated with stereopsis (r = -0.07) and dissociated phoria (r = -0.03), and this was not statistically significant (p>0.05), while it had a high correlation as well as a statistically significant with associated phoria (r = 0.89). There was a negative correlation between Y-intercept and fixation disparity slope of vertical fixation disparity (r = -0.33). It showed a low relationship but statistically valuable (p>0.05). As a result of regression analysis, the stereopsis was changed as 7.631" if vertical fixation disparity changes 1' and the vertical fixation disparity changed as 0.017' if stereopsis changes 1', and the change was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: The study shows that there is a low correlation between stereopsis and vertical fixation disparity, and it is difficult to determine stereopsis only using vertical fixation disparity. Therefore, it suggests other factors above vertical fixation disparity have greater influence on stereopsis.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2014

This study has analyzed the scanning path algorithm shown at the process of exploring spatial information through an observation experiment with the object of lobby in subway station. In the estimation of observation time by section, the frequency of scanning type was found to increase as the observation time got longer, which makes it possible that the longer the observation lasts the more the observation interruptions occur. In addition, the observation slipped out of the range of imaging when any fatigue was caused from the observation or the more active exploration took place. Furthermore, when the trend line was employed for the examination of the changes to the scanning type by time section, "concentration" "diagonal or vertical" showed a sharp and a gentle increases along with the increase of time section respectively, while "circulation. combination, horizontal" showed a reduction. The observation data of the subjects observing a space include various visual information. The analysis of the scanning type found at "attention concentration" enabled to draw this significant conclusion. The features of increase and decrease of scanning types can be a fundamental data for understanding the scanning tendency by time.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.4 s.30
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Currently, road mobility improved from the National Road Improvement. Nevertheless delineation system is facility that enhanced driver's safety, that was set up often inconsistent or nonexistent over the road exit ramp So it judged functional investigation will be necessary. This study suggested setting type of the delineation system. That was based on a field study and reviews the legal standard of it and considering driver's cognition behavior. For the study, make a 3D-simulation and so could objectively a comparative test. Comparison variable between delineation setting type is selected conspicuity and visibility. Cased that illustrated characteristics of driver's visual cognition behavior. The experiment was used Eye Marker Recorder for measure the gaze frequency more quantitatively and objectively. And used the ANOVA analysis for significance testing between delineation setting type. A significant percent of the conspicuity analyzed types(Safe mark, Obstacle Sign, Warning Light, and Tubular Maker) in road exit ramp for recognize. And gaze frequency that measure of effectiveness of visibility are measured. On the analysis result, the visibility was significance difference between delineation setting type and visibility of types was best.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.539-550
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• 2014

Purpose: This research was designed to figure out if there are changes based on types of vergence fixation disparity curve after optical correction and vision training to for people with steep slope of forced vergence fixation disparity curve and symptoms. Methods: For 30 subjects out of 91 subjects, who have steep slopes of fixation disparity curve examined with Wesson Fixation Disparity Card and symptoms about steep slope of fixation disparity curve, proper vision training was offered for 5 weeks. Results: After Vision training for 30 people with the symptoms of type I, II, III, IV for 5 weeks, slope of fixation disparity curve was significantly changed (p=0.013), and the results of binocular vision test and subjective symptoms were also significantly improved. Conclusions: Vision training can not only affect the change of fixation disparity curve, but also relieve the symptoms. Fixation disparity curve has lots of visual function information of the subject and can be suggested as a guideline for prescribing.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2012

This study was to examine the pattern of visual interpretation in the process of eye-tracking. I categorized the subjects' observation inclination for analysis so that I could find out which element the user observing the space concentrated and explored. First, for 2 minutes of observation, there occurred 171 times of eye-fixations and 9.8 times of observation frequency on average, which showed that the subject, through this observing fixation, spent 44.5% of the entire time performing the visual activity in order to acquire the "visual understanding" of the lobby-space. Second, I found out that there was a consistent observation type as the time passed. I could categorize the subjects observing the space into 6 concentrating types and 3 discontinuing ones of observation types, which category can be utilized as data for analyzing the subjects' characteristics at space-observation. Third, the type, which was so intensive as to get the visual understanding on the space, was mostly of the case that (1) the subject had a kind of high degree of observation type, exploring the space, again having high degree of the observation type [Type A], (2) the subject repeated the concentration from the early part to the latter [Type C], which can be considered to be the observation type generally shared. Fourth, in the case of observing the space, 45.8% of the subjects showed a high rate of concentration at the time of starting the observation and in less than two minutes. The subjects of type A can be considered to understand the space visually by distinctively repeating the concentration and exploration.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of explicit and implicit product warranties on consumers' attitudes toward the products, and particularly, the main effects of product types and level of manufacturers' business ethics on the relationship between warranty types and consumers' attitudes. For this purpose, relevant literature was reviewed and thereupon, a survey was conducted for an empirical analysis. As a result of empirically analyzing the relationship between warranty types and consumers' attitudes and the main effects of the product types (search goods vs. experience goods) and level of business ethics (high vs. low) on the relationship, it was found that consumers' attitudes toward the products were more positive when the product warranty was explicit than when it was implicit, and that such relationship was stronger for experience goods than for search goods one. And, the relationship was stronger when the level of business ethics perceived was lower. However, such moderating effects were not significant for consumers' attitudes, but significant for their purchasing intention.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.174-182
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• 2013

This study divided the observation area in an indoor space for area setup to analyse the effect of the difference of design types on the characteristics of observation with the observed time of each area as objects. Though it is thought that the difference of design patterns may be influenced by the factors and material composing the space, no existing approaches have had any quantitatively measuring method. Eye-tracking could be efficiently utilized for observation analysis from the viewpoint of dating observation behavior. The followings are the results of analysing the observation characteristics depending on design pattern. First, 5 observing areas were set up according to concentration of observation time in order for the concentration by area to be examined and the factors of design having effect on the difference of observation patterns by design type could be analysed. Second, as a whole, the observation of modern types showed high observation characteristics. When the difference of observation characteristics by pattern was examined by difference at observation frequency, the observation frequency defined to be more than 50% was seen to be almost same from Area I to III and to get higher from Area IV, and that defined to be 30% was high at Areas III and IV. In Area V, it was very high at natural. Third, that of Area II is no more than 8.2% but had the most observation time. As for observation characteristics, the horizontal observation of the central part was the highest and had more observation frequency at modern type that at natural one. These observation characteristics by area enabled to analyse the observation tendency depending on design characters at relevant area. Fourth, the design factors composing natural type were found to bring more attention when the area showed higher concentration at natural type than at modern one. And the analysis of design factors could make it to be confirmed that the quality of material and background factors in addition to design factors in the area had more effect on sight concentration.

• KLA journal
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• v.38 no.6 s.307
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• pp.45-78
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• 1997

우리 협회에서 간행된 한국목록규칙 3판(KCR3)은 국내의 기술목록수준을 국제적인 수준으로 한 단계 진전시키는 중요한 계기가 되었다고 자부합니다. 그 근거로 국제서지기술법(ISBD)을 수용하여 서지기술단위저록방식을 규정함으로써, 기술만으로 완전한 저록을 구성할 수 있게 되었으며, 특히 우리의 언어나 사고과정에 기초한 한국적 특수성을 목록규칙에 반영할 수 있었다는 점을 들 수 있습니다. 그러나 종래 KCR3은 단행본 중심의 목록규칙이라는 한계가 있었고, 따라서 연속간행물과 기타 비도서자료에 대한 기술규칙의 제정이 요구되어 왔습니다. 각종 비도서잘(비책자자료)와 네트워크자원이 대량으로 간행되는 시점에서 이들 다양한 유형의 자료를 목록에서 수용할 수 있는 통합된 목록규칙이 요구되고 있는 실정임에도 불구하고, 규칙제정에 소요되는 시간과 인력을 고려하여 우선 일차로 연속간행물용 목록규칙(안)을 내어 놓게 된 것입니다. 이 목록규칙(안)은 그 동안 2년여에 걸쳐 우리 협회 목록위원회를 중심으로 회의와 토록과정을 거친 것으로 도서관계에 종사하시는 사서 여러분의 의견을 수용하고자 하오니, 애정과 관심으로 검토해 주시고 좋은 의견을 개진해 주시길 간곡히 부탁드립니다. 목록규칙은 바로 우리 도서관인 모두가 다듬고 만들어 가야 할 책무가 있기 때문입니다. 어떤 형태의 의견이나 권고안, 수정안이라도 좋으니 여러분의 많은 관심과 협조를 기대합니다.

• Disaster Prevention Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.78-151
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• 2016

지난 7월 18일 "자연재해위험개선지구 관리지침(고시)" 일부를 개정(국민안전처 고시 제2016-117호)하여 복합 유형에 대한 지구지정으로 종합적인 정비근거를 마련하였다. 또한, "자연재해대책법" 제13조 및 제14조에 따라 자연재해위험개선지구 정비 사업계획 수립과 실시설계 수립을 같은 법 제38조 제2항에 따라 방재관리대책대행자로 하여금 대행하도록 개정('16.1.27)되었음을 알려 드리며, 앞으로 지방자치단체에서는 자연재해위험개선지구 정비사업 실시설계 추진 시 방재관리대책대행자로 등록되지 않은 엔지니어링사업자에게 대행하는 사례가 없도록 철저히 관리하여 주시기 바란다.