• 대한정형외과 초음파학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

목적: 저자들은 족저 근막염에 대한 초음파 소견과 임상적 변수들과의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 본원에서 2007년 10월부터 2008년 4월까지 이학적 검사 및 초음파 검사를 통해 족저 근막염으로 진단받은 36명 49발과 증상이 없는 21발을 대상으로 하였다. 병변은 23명이 편측, 13명이 양측이었다. 남자 16명, 여자 20명이었고, 평균나이는 48.6세였다. 편측군과 양측군, 환측과 건측의 족저 근막의 두께, 근막 내부의 에코성, 족저 근막 파열 유무, 석회화, 종골하 골극형성을 조사하여 비교하였다. 족저 근막 두께와 평균나이, 체질량 지수, 증상기간, 통증지수와의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 결과: 편측군과 양측군 사이에 나이, 성별, 체질량지수, 증상기간의 차이는 없었다. 족저 근막의 두께는 편측군이 $5.2{\pm}1.5mm$, 양측군이 $4.4{\pm}1.4mm$로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p=0.045). 양 군간 저에코 음영과 종골하 골극의 빈도는 차이가 없었다. 전례에서 근막 파열이나 석회화는 없었다. 환측 족저 근막의 두께는 $4.8{\pm}1.5mm$로 건측의 $3.1{\pm}0.5mm$에 비해 두꺼웠다(p=0.000). 족저 근막의 두께는 증상기간과 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p=0.046). 결론: 족저 근막염에 대한 초음파 검사상 근막의 두께가 반대쪽보다 유의하게 두꺼웠고 편측군이 양측군보다 유의하게 두꺼웠으며 증상기간과 족저 근막의 두께는 반비례 관계를 보였다.

• 대한정형외과학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.547-556
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• 2019

목적: 도수조작 및 석고 교정을 통해 보존적 치료를 시행하였으나 잔여 혹은 재발변형으로 수술적 치료를 받았던 특발성 만곡족 환아의 장기 치료 결과를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 방사선상 골 성숙이 완료된 32명의 환자 총 51예를 대상으로 후향적인 연구를 시행하였다. 최종 추시 시 평균 연령은 18.7세였다. 수술은 선택적 혹은 광범위 연부조직 유리술과 힘줄 연장, 힘줄 이전, 다양한 절골술 등을 시행하였다. 방사선적 분석은 최종 촬영한 체중부하 전후면 사진에서 거종골 각(talocalcaneal angle), 거골-제1 중족골 각(talo-first metatarsal angle), 측면 사진에서 측정한 거종골 각, 종골 경사각(calcaneal pitch)을 측정하여 성인정상 측정값과 비교하였다. 임상적 평가는 American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)의 ankle-hindfoot score와 midfoot score를 이용하여 우수(>85), 양호(71-85), 보통(56-70), 불량(<56)으로 평가하였다. 결과: 최종 방사선 계측치는 전후면 거종골 각에서 각각 41.2%, 전후면 거골과 제1 중족골 간의 각에서 90.2%, 측면 거종골 각에서 84.3%, 측면 종골 경사각에서 각각 61%가 정상범위에 포함되었다. AOFAS 평균은 ankle-hindfoot score에서 88.1±10.7점 midfoot score에서 86.7±11.5점이었다. 결론: 수술적 치료를 받았던 특발성 만곡족 환아의 장기 치료 결과에서 정상범위에 속하는 방사선 지표 비율은 43%-90%로 확인되었으며 임상적으로 AOFAS 평균값은 우수에 속하였다. 따라서 비수술적 교정 방법에 실패한 경우라도 변형의 요소를 보다 더 정확히 분석한 후 선택적 수술 방법을 통할 경우 임상적으로 만족스러운 결과를 가져올 수 있다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2004

Purpose: Problematic late sequelae are common following a calcaneal fracture regardless of the initial treatment. We retrospectively evaluated the painful conditions and reviewed the results of the operative treatment in patients with previously treated calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: Between October 1996 and September 2001, forty-three patients who underwent subsequent surgical treatment for late sequelae of calcaneal fracture were reviewed. The initial treatment consisted of only immobilization in a cast in 7 patients, closed reduction with pin fixation (Essex-Lopresti technique) in 22 and open reduction and internal fixation in 14. Painful conditions in the hind foot included subtalar arthritis in 31 patients, calcaneofibular impingement in 13, peroneal tendinitis in 6, displaced posterior bony fragment in 3, sural neuritis in 2, subtalar and midtarsal arthritis in 1 and displaced plantar bony fragment in 1. The surgical procedures for the late complications were performed at a mean of 19 months (range, 6 to 35 months) after the injury and consisted of lateral wall ostectomy and in situ subtalar fusion in 28 patients, only lateral wall ostectomy in 5 patients, lateral wall ostectomy and subtalar distraction arthrodesis in 3, removal of displaced posterior bony fragment in 3, sural nerve transposition in the peroneus brevis in 2, triple arthrodesis in 1 and removal of displaced plantar bony fragment in 1. Mean postoperative follow up period was 57 months (range, 33 to 82 months). The results of treatment were evaluated on the basis of pain, improvement in the ability to perform activities of daily living, to return to work or to a pre-injury level of activity. Results: Pain was partially relieved in 38 patients (88%), but not relieved in 5. Function improved in 34 patients (79%), and 32 (74%) returned to work or to a pre-injury level of activity. There was a trend that the longer the interval between the injury and the operation, the longer the subsequent interval until the patient returned to full activities or work. Conclusion: Meticulous physical examination and intensive prompt treatment for remaining pain after initial treatment of calcaneal fractures are recommended for patient's satisfaction and returning to work.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the short-term results of medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer for flexible flatfoot deformity. Materials and Methods: Twenty four patients (25 feet) who had undergone medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer for flexible flatfoot between July 2004 and May 2007 were included. The mean age was 43.6 years (16~78 years). The mean follow-up was 26 months (14~50 months). Clinical outcomes were assessed using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue scale (VAS). Six radiographic parameters were measured from weightbearing radiographs to assess the difference between preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Results: The mean AOFAS score improved from 57.9 points preoperatively to 89.2 points at latest follow-up (p=0.000). The mean VAS improved from 62 points preoperatively to 23 points at latest follow-up (p=0.000). The mean talonavicular coverage angle on anteroposterior (AP) view changed from 20.2 degrees to 16.0 degrees (p=0.002). The mean calcaneal pitch angle on lateral view changed from 12.6 degrees preoperatively to 14.5 degrees at latest follow-up (p=0.001). Regarding these radiographic parameters, the difference between interobserver measurements was larger than that between pre- and post-operative measurements. The calcaneus was transferred medially by average 11.8 mm (p=0.003), which was 27.9% of the width of calcaneal tuberosity (p=0.000). The mean talo-first metatarsal angle on AP and lateral views, and navicular height on lateral view were not significantly changed. Conclusion: Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer for flexible flatfoot could lead to improve the clinical outcomes, although the restoration of medial longitudinal arch was not clinically significant.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.102-106
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• 2015

Purpose: We wanted to compare the results between cadaveric and radiological measurements of calcaneus. Materials and Methods: Sixty three calcaneus of 33 cadavers donated between December 2012 and December 2014 were actually measured. Computed tomography (CT) images of 244 calcaneus in 122 patients of the same age group with cadavers were radiologically measured. Maximum length, maximum width, maximum height, $B{\ddot{o}}hler$ angle, Gissane angle, Fowler-Phillip angle, and tala-articular angle were measured. Results: In cadaveric measurement, the mean maximal height, length, and width were $41.8{\pm}3.3mm$, $73.3{\pm}3.4mm$, and $40.7{\pm}2.2mm$, respectively. In radiological measurement, the mean maximal height, length, and width were $38.5{\pm}4.3mm$, $74.0{\pm}5.7mm$, and $44.7{\pm}1.4mm$, respectively. In cadaveric measurement, the mean $B\ddot{o}hler$ angle, Gissane angle, Fowler-Phillip angle, and tala-articular angle were $32.1^{\circ}{\pm}6.2^{\circ}$, $110.8^{\circ}{\pm}8.1^{\circ}$, $55.8^{\circ}{\pm}6.8^{\circ}$, and $59.7^{\circ}{\pm}4.6^{\circ}$, respectively. In radiological measurement the mean $B{\ddot{o}}hler$ angle, Gissane angle, Fowler-Phillip angle, and tala-articular angle were $32.6^{\circ}{\pm}3.8^{\circ}$, $113.7^{\circ}{\pm}5.7^{\circ}$, $62.2^{\circ}{\pm}3.9^{\circ}$, and $61.6^{\circ}{\pm}6.3^{\circ}$, respectively. The mean maximal height was significantly higher in the cadaveric measurement group (p<0.001) and the mean maximal length and width were significantly higher in the radiologic measurement group (p<0.001, p<0.001). The mean Gissane angle, Fowler-Philip angle, and $B{\ddot{o}}hler$ angle were significantly higher in the CT group (p=0.001, p<0.001, p=0.016, respectively). There was no significant difference in the mean tala-articular angle (p=0.352). Conclusion: Significant differences in length parameters were observed between the cadaveric measurement group and the radiologic measurement group. However, no significant differences in angular measurements were observed between the two groups. The authors carefully conclude that radiological measurement values may be different from actual values in the calcaneus.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the result of the early exercise and rehabilitation after limited posterior operative treatment of the calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: Between May 2005 and December 2007, 43 cases with intraarticular calcaneal fractures were treated by open reduction with K-wires and Steinmann pins. Mean age and mean follow-up period were 42.5 years old and 15 months. All patients were treated with the same postoperative protocol, the early exercise of subtalar joint without short leg splint and cast was began after postoperative 1 day, non-weight bearing crutch ambulation did after 2 weeks, partial-weight bearing crutch ambulation did after 6 weeks, without crutch ambulation did after 10 weeks. The fractures was classified by Essex-Lopresti and Sanders classification using radiographs and the functional outcomes were evaluated by circle draw exercise, AOFAS score. Results: By Essex-Lopresti classification, the tongue type was 6 cases (14%), the joint depression type was 15 cases (35%), the combined type was 22 cases (51%). By Sanders classification, type II were 10 cases (23%), type III were 15 cases (58%), and type IV were 8 cases (19%). By AOFAS functional evaluation, the mean preoperative scores were 70.3 and 70.5 respectively, mean postoperative scores were 83.7 and 86.9 respectively. There were satisfactory results in 40 cases but 3 cases were unsatisfactory including on case of lateral impingement and 2 cases of traumatic arthritis of subtalar joint. Conclusion: We obtained satisfactory result of the early exercise of subtalar joint without short leg splint and cast and rehabilitation after limited posterior operative treatment of the calcaneal fractures.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2017

Purpose: Bone grafting is often necessary to maintain a reduction and prevent delayed collapse of reduced fracture in a treatment of severely displaced comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Herein, we analyzed the usefulness and necessary conditions to perform tricortical-allobone grafting in open reduction of calcaneal fracture via the Ollier approach. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 57 intra-articular calcaneal fractures that underwent an operation via the Ollier approach between April 2009 and April 2015. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=17) included those with tricortical-allobone grafts underneath the posterior facet fragment, and group 2 (n=40) included cases without a bone graft. We measured the $B{\ddot{o}}hler$ angle, Gissane angle, height, and width of the calcaneus at preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up radiograph. We measured the sagittal rotational angle of the posterior facet fragment of preoperative computed tomography to analyze the effect and necessary conditions for bone grafting. We also reviewed the clinical results by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, visual analogue scale (VAS), and any complications. Results: According to the Sanders classification, there were 3 type-II fractures, 12 type-III fractures, and 2 type-IV fractures in Group 1; whereas in Group 2, there were 26 type-II fractures, 13 type-III fractures, and 1 type-IV fracture (p=0.002). Regarding the preoperative radiologic parameters, there were significant differences in the $B{\ddot{o}}hler$ angle (p=0.006), Gissane angle (p=0.043), and rotational angle of the posterior facet fragment (p=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the preoperative calcaneal height and width, as well as postoperative radiologic parameters. There was no significant clinical difference between the two groups (p=0.546). Conclusion: We suggest that a tricortical-allobone graft may be useful in open reduction and screw fixation via the Ollier approach for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture with a bony defect after reduction of collapsed posterior facet fragment. This graft can contribute to the stable reduction via a small approach, even without a plate.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2020

Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical results of surgical treatment with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for treating displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus in comparison with conventional lateral extensile approach plate osteosynthesis. Materials and Methods: Of 79 cases of Sanders type II or III calcaneus fractures, 15 cases treated with the minimally invasive calcaneal plate (group M) and 64 cases treated with lateral extensile approach calcaneal plate (group E) were identified. After successful propensity score matching considering age, sex, diabetes mellitus history, and Sanders type (1:3 ratio), 15 cases (group M) and 45 cases (group E) were matched and the demographic, radiologic, and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: The median time of surgery from injury was 2.0 days in group M and 6.0 days in group E (p=0.014). At the six months follow-up, group M showed results comparable with those of group E in radiographic outcomes. In the clinical outcomes, group M showed better postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores than did group E (p=0.001, p=0.008). A greater range of subtalar motion was achieved at the six months follow-up in group M (inversion 20.0° vs. 10.0°, p=0.002; eversion 10.0° vs. 5.0°, p=0.025). Although there were no significant differences in complications between the two groups (1 [6.7%] vs. 7 [15.6%], group M vs. group E; p=0.661), there was only one sural nerve injury and no wound dehiscence and deep infection in group M. Conclusion: Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis showed superior clinical outcomes compared with that of the conventional lateral extensile approach plate osteosynthesis in Sanders type II or III calcaneus fractures. We suggest applying minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in Sanders type II or III calcaneus fractures.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.144-150
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• 2017

Purpose: To assess the clinical and radiographic results and complications of arthroscopy-assisted reduction and percutaneous fixation for patients with tongue-type Sanders type II calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: Between August 2014 and December 2015, 10 patients who underwent surgery using subtalar arthroscopic assisted reduction and percutaneous fixation for tongue-type Sanders type II calcaneal fractures were reviewed. The mean age was 50.8 years (36~62 years), and the mean follow-up period was 24 months (12~40 months). The clinical results were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score at the regular follow-ups, and the foot function index (FFI) at the last follow-up. The subtalar range of motion (ROM) was evaluated and compared with the uninjured limb at the last follow-up. The radiographic results were assessed using the Bohler's angle from the plain radiographs and the reduction of the posterior calcaneal facet using computed tomography (CT). The postoperative complications were assessed by a chart review. Results: The VAS and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score improved until 12 months after surgery. The FFI was 15 (1.8~25.9) and subtalar ROM was 75.5% (60%~100%) compared to the uninjured limb at the last follow-up. The $B{\ddot{o}}hler^{\prime}s$ angle was increased significantly from $2^{\circ}$ ($-14^{\circ}{\sim}18^{\circ}$) preoperatively to $21.8^{\circ}$ ($20^{\circ}{\sim}28^{\circ}$) at the last follow-up. The reduction of the posterior facet was graded as excellent in five feet (50.0%) and good in five (50.0%) on CT obtained at 12 months after surgery. One foot (10.0%) had subfibular pain due to a prominent screw head. One foot (10.0%) had pain due to a longitudinal tear of the peroneal tendon that occurred during screw insertion. Conclusion: Subtalar arthroscopic-assisted reduction of the posterior calcaneal facet of the subtalar joint and percutaneous fixation is a useful surgical method for tongue-type Sanders type II calcaneal fractures.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2006

서론: 신선 동결된 동종 아킬레스건을 이용하여 실패한 전방 십자 인대 재 재건술의 술기 및 슬관절의 안정성 및 기능적 결과를 분석하고자 한다. 재료 및 방법: 실패한 전방 십자 인대 재건술에 대하여 동종 아킬레스건을 이용하여 재 재건술을 시행한 13예를 대상으로 하였다. 재 재건술까지의 평균 기간은 61.8개월 이었으며 평균 추시 기간은 38.4개월이었다. 술기는 아킬레스건에 부착된 종골을 골결손부에 이식하고 재확공을 하여 한 단계로 시행하였다. 일차 재건술의 실패 원인을 분석하였고 술 후 평가는 Lysholm knee score, Lachman 검사, pivot shift 검사와 KT-1000 arthrometer 검사를 이용하였다. 결과 실패의 원인은 부적절한 수술 수기가 10예로 가장 많았다. 최종 추시점에서 Lysholm knee score는 10(75.9%) 예에서 우수 또는 양호의 결과를 보였다. Lachman 검사는 12예(92.3%) 에서 음성 또는 경도의 전방전위를 보였으며 pivot shift 검사는 음성인 경우가 11(84.6%) 예이었다. KT-1000 검사는 최대 전방 전위차가 3 mm 미만이 9예였다. 결론: 전방 십자 인대 재 재건술시 동종 아킬레스건을 이용하면 한 단계로 골이식 및 재확공을 할 수 있고 안정성 면에서 좋은 이식물의 하나이며 추후 장기적인 추시가 필요하리라 생각된다.