• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 1996

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest the management of vegetation landscape in Noinbong area, Pdaesan National Pa, twelve plots were set up and surveyed. According to the acalysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by two groups of Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus mongolica community and the other is Betula costata - schmidtii - C. laxiflora community. It was found out that the successional stage of Noinbong forests was climax and introduced-climax by the analysis of species structure, similarity index and species diversity. The number of individuals was about 120~130 and species was 17 per 100m$^{2}$. Through the analysis of basal area and DBH class distribution, it was estimated that C. laxiflora, B. costata, and B. schmidtii will be clmax species instead of Q. mongolica in tree layer, and in the subtree layer, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum will be dominant species.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.603-607
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• 2006

최근 산불발생이 증가하고, 그에 따른 피해가 증가하고 있다. 또한 산불 발생지역의 토양침식으로 인한 2차적인 재해위험이 예상됨에 따라 산불 지역의 토양침식과 영향인자들에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙산사 산불지역의 산지사면에 10개의 소규모 조사구를 설치하고 강우에 따른 토사유출량을 조사하였다. 토양침식 매개변수를 강우인자(강우량, 강우강도, 강우에너지), 지형인자(면적, 사면경사, 사면길이, 길이경사인자), 식생인자(전체피복도, 식생지수), 토양인자(투수계수, 유효입경, 유기물함량, 토심)로 구분하여 각각의 토양침식에 대한 관계를 분석하고, 시간경과에 따른 토양침식의 관계도 분석하였다. 강우강도와 강우량이 커짐에 따라 토양침식민감도에 대한 식생피복도의 영향이 더욱 가중되며, 식생 회복이 빠른 지역과 그렇지 않은 지역에서의 시간경과에 따른 누적 토양침식량의 변화는 크게 차이를 보였다. 낙산사 산불지역에서의 강우에 따른 토양침식은 강우에너지와 식생피복도의 관계가 가장 높았다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number ($416.7per\;m^2$) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number $per\;m^2$. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper feeding level and duration of fermented barley grain feed before harvesting to improve the availability of barley for feed. Trial 1 was to investigate the proper feeding amount of fermented barley grain fermented feed, and we prepared 32 heads (603.4 ± 42.7kg) of 22-month-old Hanwoo steer (603.4 ± 42.7kg) for 8 heads in 4 treatment groups. 48 heads (625.8 ± 13.1kg) for Trial 2 were used for 12heads per 4 treatments, and were reared for about 9 months until 30 months of age. Trial 1 is treated a Control group that feed 10㎏ of concentrate, replaces 10% fermented barley grain feed(FBGF) of the control by (TRT 1) and 20% (TRT 2) and 30%(TRT 3). Concentrate and FBGF fed 9, 2.1 kg, 8, 4.2 kg, 7 and 7, 6.3 kg on each treatments respectively and 1.5 kg of rice straw for forage. In Trial 2, 10% of alternative diets were judged to be appropriate, and the control of 9kg of diets and barley grain fermented feeds were used to determine the appropriate feeding period. The treatments were 3 months before shipment (TRT 1), 6 months (TRT 2) and 9 months (TRT32). Each treatment group had 8 and 2.1 kg of concentrate and barley grain fermentation, respectively. As a feed, rice straw was fed to 1.5 kg. The daily gains per treatment were higher in TRT 1 and TRT 3 was similar to the Control. Body weight and daily gain during the test period were higher in TRT 1 fed 10% barley grain fermented feed. TRT 2 was the highest at 6.13, and TRT 3 was 6.0, which was higher than 5.63 of TRT 1 and 5.5 of Control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.301-301
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• 2009

겨울철 농경지 이용율 제고 및 자연경관 조성을 위하여 녹비작물을 재배하는 면적이 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그 동안 녹비작물에 대한 연구는 주로 파종적기, 작물에 대한 양분공급효과 및 타감 효과 등에 집중되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 토양 중 양분공급 및 미생물활성의 경시적 변화, 잡초억제 및 작물생육에 대한 녹비작물의 투입효과를 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 국립농업과학원 구내포장에서 2007년 9월 하순에 헤어리베치(8kg/10a)와 호밀(10kg/10a) 종자를 파종한 후, 이듬해 4월 하순에 수확하여 토양에 환원하였다. 질소공급량은 화학비료(15.2kgN/10a) 대비 헤어리베치(32.2kg/10a, 212%), 호밀(9.2kg/10a, 60%) 및 헤어리베치+호밀(15.5kg/10a, 102%)로 헤어리베치의 질소공급효과가 매우 높았다. 토양 무기태질소 함량은 녹비 처리 후 30일경에 최대에 도달하였으나, 호밀 처리구는 조사기간 동안 큰 변화가 없었다. 토양 유기물 함량의 변화는 시험 전(10DBI)과 비교하여 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 녹비환원 후 10일경에 일시적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였는데 이는 녹비환원 후 토양경운에 의한 영향으로 판단되며, 무기태질소와는 달리 호밀처리구의 유기물함량이 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 토양 탄수화물(수용성 당)은 시험 전에 가장 높았으며, 시간의 경과와 함께 서서히 감소되는 양상을 보였으며 토양 미생물탄소 및 미생물질소의 양은 녹비처리구가 화학비료 처리구에 비해 높았으며 녹비환원 후 50일 까지는 증가하다가 그 이후에 감소하는 경향을 보였는데 이는 토양의 무기태질소 및 탄수화물과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 녹비처리 후 85일경에 잡초발생량을 조사한 결과, 화학비료 처리구에 비하여 헤어리베치 처리구는 40%, 호밀 처리구는 68%, 헤어리베치+호밀 처리구는 40%의 잡초억제효과가 있었다. 고추과의 수량은 화학비료 처리구(702kg/10a)>헤어리베치(694kg>10a)>헤어리베치+호밀(361kg/10a)>호밀(179kg/10a)의 순으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.31-41
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• 2009

Under the Korea Building Act, anyone planning to build a building or buildings on a site over $200m^2$ must plant plants over a specific area. In large scale development this rule is adhered to well, but such is not the case in small scale development. Therefore, special attention must be given to small scale development. Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites in Seoul, and then suggest policies for improving them. In this study using the data covering Seongbuk-Gu and Gangnam-Gu, which was surveyed in 2002, the current situation and practice of planting at small scale development sites was analyzed. After a questionnaire survey was conducted with government officers and building owners, the same analysis was made. Then the policies for improvement were extracted. The results are as follows: 1. In superordinate planning stage, because the minimum standards are too low, those must be strengthened. Any district plan does not control planting in private building lots. This requests active application of planting in private building lots as a design control measure in district planning. 2. In the building design stage, there are no guidelines. The obligation of building set-back between adjacent buildings by the Korean Building Act produces mass shaded and inferior planting beds. The act also is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development. And wall installations deteriorate the streetscape and growth of plants with shading. Therefore guidelines must be made. 3. In each stage of the building permit, the permit for building completion, and maintenance the Korean Building Act is blocking landscape architects' participation in small scale development, so the planting plan is completely handled by nonprofessional persons. Therefore, the act should be amended in order to make way for landscape architects' participation in each stage of the small scale development process.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.11
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• pp.1-9
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• 1972

For a measure against late transplanting, this experiment was conducted to investigate a reasonable seeding rate in nursery bed and a proper nursery size. The treatments applied to this experiment are as follows a) seeding rates: 0.2ι, 0.4ι and 0.6ι per 3.3$m^2$ b) nursery sizes. for 10a-field area: 39.6$m^2$, 49.5$m^2$ and 59.4$m^2$ c) transplanting dates: June 5, June 25 and July 15. The seeding date was April 26 and planting density was determined by the number of sound seedlings based on the combination of seeding rate and nursery size. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. In seedlings both increased nursery period and decreased seeding rate showed a remarkable-increase in plant height, number of leaves, dry matter weight and the ratio of dry weight to plant height. But their number of tillers and live leaves did not show such tendency. 2. Delayed transplanting date shortened culm length and panicle length as well as number of days from transplating to heading and it also delayed heading date. On the other hand the transplanting of 80-day seedlings resulted in premature heading. 3. As a result late transplanting reduced number of spikelets per panicle, maturing rate and 1000-grain weight. In the last analysis it linearly reduced grain yield. The decreasing rate of yield by late transplanting was 15.6% in June 25 plot and 41. 3% in July 15 plot, compared with the yield in June 5 plot. Such a remarkable decrease in yield of the extremely late transplanted plot was mainly due to markedly decreasing number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight. 4. Both increased seeding rate and nursery size gave a rise in number of tillers per unit area as well as number of transplanting hills but gave a fall in culm length and panicle length. 5. Accordingly, though thick seeded - dense planted plot increased number of panicles per unit area, decrease in number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight made no differences in yield between thick seeded - dense planted plot and thin seeded - sparse planted one. However, the yield in the thick seeded - dense planted plot transplanted on July 15 was reduced owing to the remarkable decrease in maturing rate and 1000-grain weight. 6. We came to the conclusion that as a measure against the extremely late transplanting the suitable seeding rate was 0.4ι per 3.3$m^2$ and the proper nursery size was 59.4$m^2$ for 10a-field area.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.369-374
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• 1987

Relationships among root yield, planting density (PD), missing plant rate (MR), leaf area index (LAI) , leaf area per plant(LAP), root weight(RW), number of harvested root(RN) and leaf fall plant rate (LFP) were investigated by survey of white ginseng plantations in Pungi and Geumsan area. In Geumsan PD was about twice than in Pungi but yield was low with high rates of MR and LFP. Yield depended on RN in high PD cultivation while on RW in low PD. The effect of MR on yield was prominent in high PD cultivation. PD showed insignificant negative correlation with yield and no clear relation with MR. RN depended on PD and was especially limited by MR, Yield depended on LAI at harvest time and especially at maximum growth time. LAI was not different between high and low PD area but depended only on RN in high PD and only on LAP in low PD area, and limited by MR in both PD. LAP depended highly on RW and this fact seems to be the very reason that LAI could not increase with the increase of PD. All fields showed the suboptimum LAI.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.556-563
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container types on seedling growth of Chamaecyparis obtusa (2-year-old) in the container nursery culture. We used three container types [20 cavities (400 mL/cavity, $150seedlings/m^2$), 24 cavities (320 mL/cavity, $200seedlings/m^2$), and 35 cavities (240 mL/cavity, $260seedlings/m^2$)] and measured root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, root density and seedling quality index (SQI). The RCD, height, biomass, root density and SQI were the highest at 20 cavities/tray because this container has the largest volume and lowest seedling density. However, H/D and T/R ratio at all container types were not significantly different. The total biomass per unit area ($m^2$) were the lowest at 35 cavities/tray and those at both 20 and 24 cavities/tray were not significantly different. Container volume was positively correlated with RCD, height, biomass, root density and SQI except for H/D and T/R ratio, while seedling density negatively affected on them. Based on these results, 20 cavities/tray are optimal for container seedling production of C. obtusa. Usage of optimal container will make us get better quality seedlings and reduction of production costs in the container nursery as well as good field performances with higher survival rate in plantation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2011

This study was conducted to enhance the stem firmness of standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' bred in Korea for commercial quality improvement and inhibition of stem breaking during transportation through foliar spray with calcium agents. Calcium agent screening 'Baekma' was examined using $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and OS-Ca (natural liquid calcium compounds extracted from oyster shell) depending on each concentration (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%, respectively). All calcium agents sprayed with 1.0% caused chemical injury such as stem bending or leaf burn. OS-Ca also showed more sensitive response to chemical injury than the other calcium agents because OS-Ca was absorbed very well by 'Baekma' leaves. Maximum stem firmness measured during the final harvest was greater in OS-Ca than in the other calcium agents. Especially, maximum stem firmness was greatest in 0.01% OS-Ca. However, elastic strength and maximum bending stress were greater in 0.001% OS-Ca than in the others. Thus, OS-Ca ranged from 0.005 to 0.05%, which did not show any chemical injury, was finally selected as the first candidate for hardening the stem of 'Baekma'. The next experiment using OS-Ca was conducted with the concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05%, respectively. From the results, 0.05% OS-Ca showed better plant growth and parameters such as plant height, stem diameter (upper and middle part), the number of leaves, and dry weights of each part than the other concentrations of OS-Ca and control. As for stem firmness depending on OS-Ca concentration, the Ca content within stem, maximum firmness, elastic strength, and maximum bending stress of stem in 'Baekma' sprayed with 0.05% OS-Ca showed the highest values among all the treatments and it turned out to be very high level of significance between control and OS-Ca treatments. However, the area and percentage of the inside cavity within horizontal stem section in 'Baekma' did not show any significance between any treatments including control. Thus, stem firmness of 'Baekma' did not show any correlation with the inside cavity area of stem. In conclusion, we recommend foliar sprays with 0.05% OS-Ca at vegetative growth stage to enhance stem firmness of 'Baekma' during transportation.