• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.51-69
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• 1989

To investigate edge vegetation structure and edge species in Kaya Mountain National Park, field survey was executed from July to August, 1989 and the result are as follows. Cantilevered and advancing types of edge vegetation were observed on site, The relative importance values of major species were changed along distance from edge to forest interior and were seemed to be affected by aspect, soil moisture and present tree layer vegetation. Especially, light-oriented species were observed as a codominant species under pine tree canopy due to selective allelopathy effect and thin canopy. Ecological indices according to the distance from edge to forest interior did not show regular pattern, but edge depth was estimated as 15-20m, approximately, Dominant species of edge seemed to be affected by soil moisture rather than altitude and aspect, but floristic similarities seemed to be affected by altitude. Frequency classes of edge species were different by aspect, altitude and physiogra-phical location. Lespedeza maximowiczii, Weigela subsessilis and Fraxinus rhynchophylla showed high frequency class in all environment conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.523-534
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• 1998

Six trails of Naesorak(west Sorak) district of Soraksan National Park were selected to investigate the use impacts on environmental edterioration of trail according to the different amount of use. The entire width, and slope of trail as the trail condition surveyed at the total of 132 points were significantly varied with the amount of use. Major deterioration types of trail were rock-exposure, root-exposure, deepening and divergence in order of frequency. Deteriorated points were significantly different in trail conditions from non-deteriorated points, and these latter generally appeared at the lowed altituede than the former on each trail. Naesorak district still seemed to have poorer use-impacts than Oesarak(east sorak) district. The dominant species in upper layer of trail edge vegetation differed from trail to trail, but in shrub layer Lespedeza maximowiczii, lindera obutsiloba for valley trail and Rhododendron schlipenbavhii for slope trail. The species diversity and coverage of shrub layer in trail edge were the highest on the Ose'am trail and each trail was dissimilar in species composition of shrub layer of edge vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.241-251
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• 1994

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations were studied on the four major trails and a campsite of Tokyuksan National Park in 1993. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Percentages of rock-exposed, deepening, root-exposed points as the deterioration types of trail which were surveyed at the total of 106 points were higher and trail conditions were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the Paekryon trail, the damaged area more severe than Class 4 reaches about 910$m^2$/km and the use impact and deterioration on campsites were accelerated. The dominant trees of the the upper and lower layer in trail edge vegetation could be Quercus serrata and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum for Paekryon trail, Q. mongolica and Tripterigium regelii for the other trails. A. pseudo-sieboldianum, Q. serrata, Rhus trichocarpa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis for Pilosa were classified for tolerant species to use impacts.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1994

To investigate the forest structure in valley of Kumpotan-Paekryunsa of Tokyusan National Park, fourty plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, community divided by 8 groups. The divided groups are Carpinus laxiflora-C. cordata community(I), Pinus densiflora-C. laxiflora-Quercus serrata community(II), C. laxiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora community(IV), Q. spp. community(V, Ⅵ), and Fraxinus mandshurica community(Ⅶ, Ⅷ). In the analysis of ordination techniques, DBH distribution, environmental variables etc., community Ⅶ and Ⅷ were pointed out edaphic climax. So the successional trends seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to C. laxiflora, C. cordata, F. mandshurica in canopy layer. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Rhus trichocarpalongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosalongrightarrowStaphylea bumalda, Weigela subsessilis. According to the results of the analysis for the relationship between environmental variables and species, F. mandshurica correlated with exchangeable cations significantly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.530-542
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• 2021

To establish the basic unit for the ecological management of the Larix kaempferiplantations in the Baekdudaegan protected area, we classified the vegetation types using TWINSPAN and DCA ordination analysis based on the vegetation information collected from 119 plots and analyzed their spatial arrangement status. Vegetation types were classified into seven types, including Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii type, Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii type, Cornus controversa-Morus australis type, Q. mongolica-Carpinus cordata type, Lindera erythrocarpa-Rosa multiflora type, Q. serrata-Zanthoxylum schinifolium type, and Q. serrata-Sasa borealis type and they have usually reflected differences in the floristic composition according to latitude, elevation, establishment period, operation history, characteristics of the surrounding stands, and degree of disturbance. Furthermore, using the Jaccard coefficient to comparethe floristic composition similarity between Larix kaempferiplantations and surrounding potential natural vegetation (Q. mongolica and Q. serrata forests), although some differences depended on vegetation types, it was 0.21 on average with Q. mongolica forest and 0.32 with Q. serrata forest, indicating that the floristic composition was still heterogeneous.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1972

It has intended to identify the members of the Genus Lespedeza in Korea by a chemical colour reaction, and the following five species of the Genus Lespedeza grown in the garden have been used in this experiment. 1. Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 2. Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha (Nak.) T. Lee 3. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 4. Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 5. Lespedeza maritima Nakai 6. Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider 7. Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai A few drops of each solution of $K_2Cr_2O_7$. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, $FeCl_3$, $KH_2PO_4$, $KMnO_4$, $NH_4OH$, and HCl was added to the methanol extracts of wood dust to get the specific colour reaction. HCl-infused wood was also used for the identification of L. bicolor var. melanantha and L. bicolor. The results can be summarized as the following key; 1. Chrome lemon by $K_2Cr_2O_7$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$2 1. Sun flower yellow by $K_2Cr_2O_7$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai 2. $KH_2PO_4$ Oystem white by $KH_2PO_4$; golden yellow by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$=3 2. Cream colour by $KH_2PO_4$=6 3. Oyster white by $NH_4OH$; corn colour by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$4 3. Cream colcur by $NH_4OH$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$5 4. Van dyke brown by $KMnO_4$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$; sea shell pink by HCl injection under heating ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 4. Sepia colour by $KMnO_4$; honey colour by HCl injection under heating ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maritima Nakai 5. Golden red by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$; andover green by HCl-infused wood dust ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha (Nak.) T. Lee 5. Yellow ochre by $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$; sand warm gray by HCl-infused wood dust ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 6. Amber green by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 6. Leather brown by $FeCl_3$ ${\cdots}{\cdots}$Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2002

In order to clarify the species composition, distribution and habitat of the Korean wild Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia communities, that are so expected as a useful resource plant, an investigation was carried out according to phytosociological method on Mts. Hambaek, Ilwol, Sobaek, Juwang and Gaya in Korea. In the present study, we made an attempt to elucidate the autecological characteristics of the wild Pyrus species by synecological approach. As a result, the forests including the Pyrus species were divided into the two associations and two communities, considering the existing vegetation units for the forest; Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae, Corylo-Quercetum mongozicae, Ainsziaea acerifolia- Quercus mongolica community and Fraxinus rhynchophylla-Pyrus ussuriensis community. Among the units, the Syneilesio-Quercetum serratae and the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae belong to southern type and middile-northern type, respectively, in their distributional type. It is inferred that the wild Pyrus species are distributed preferably in the deciduous forest zone in Korea, compared to the other forest zones. In particular the Pyrus species are present alone or dominantly in only both the tree layer or subtree layer of the forests, reflecting their shade intolerance ecophysiologically. Thus they usually were distributed in SE or SW of slope aspect. Generally the canopy of the forests including the Pyrus species was so open. Species diversity of the vegetation units was highest in the Syneizesio-Quercetum serratae and lowest in the Ainsliaea acerifolia-Quercus mongolica community. The Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae and the Pyrus ussuriensis-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community are medium between the two.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.121-142
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• 1996

This study was to establish the floristic composition and vegetation of resources vascular plants of Mt. Hansuk(1,119.1m; $128^{\circ}15';31'E,\;38^{\circ}02'55'N$). This work was conducted during the period of 1995. Resources vascular plants were composed of 85 families, 229 genera, 370 species, 72 varieties and 10 formae, totaling 452 taxa. Among the investigated resources plants, 15 taxa(2.6%) were Korean endemic species. The forest were comparatively well conserved by Pteridophyta calculation(Pte-Q), 1.34 Useful resources plants were edible source(43.8%), pasture source(38.1%), medicinal source(33.2%), ornamental source(11.9%) and timber source(4.9%) respectively. The forest vegetion was classified into 1 order, 1 alliances and 2 communities; Rhododendro - Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 Lindero - Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 A. Lespedeza maximowiczii - Quercus mongolica Community B. Carex humilis v. nana - Pinus densiflora Community

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.258-268
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to monitor the edge vegetation development process after timber harvesting at deciduous hardwood forest in Seoul National University Research Forest of Baekwoonsan (Mt), Korea The results from the 4th (2001) and 5th (2003) survey for edge vegetation development process after timber harvesting are summarized as follows. The competitive species at the harvested forest edge are Lindera erythrocarpa, Weigela subsessilis, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lindera obtusiioba, Arajia eiata. There were Lindera erythrocarpa, Ivelgela subsessilis, Staphyiea bumaida as competitive species at harvested forest border between harvested forest edge and harvested interior. And at the forest interior, the competitive species were Lindera erythrocarpa, Lindera obtusiloba. There were differences in the competitive species at the forest edge due to the differences in direction, altitude, and existing dominant species. But Lindera erythrocarpa, Weigela subsessilis were appeared to be a competitive specieg at the southwestern slope (A site) and northeastern slope (B site). After timber harvesting, Sasa borealisshowed a good growth in early days, but showed a tendency of declining with the developing of canopy layer And coverage was generally higher at the Northeastern slope (Site B) than southwestern slop (Site A). The similarity index was lower as the distance from the forest edge becomes farther.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-88
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• 1990

The vegetation of Mt. Joghesan of a provincial park in Cheolanamdo was surveyed over twenty times from July, 1980 to December, 1981. The plants of Mt. Jonghesan consisted of 10 forma, 107 varieties, 597 species, 424 genera and 122 families, and among them were 204 species of esculent plants, 199 species of medicina plants and 30 species of the others oil plants and fiber plants. Evergreen herbs consisted of 12 species, including Coniogramme intermedia, Asplenium sarelii, and Asplenium incisum etc. And Evergreen broad-leaved trees consisted of 22 species, including Thea sinensis, Sasa borealis, and Quercus acuta etc. And evergreen needle-leaved trees consisted of 15 species, including Torreya nacitora, Pinus densiflora, Sciadopitys japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa etc. The community of broad-leaved consisted of Quercus spp, Carpinus laxiflora, Sasa borealis, including leading dominant species of Lespedeza maximowiczii, Viburnum erosum, Fraxius rhynchophylla, Viburnum dilatum, Rhus trichocarpa, Zelkova serrata, Miscanthus sinensis, Eragrostis ferrugina, Carex augustinowiczii persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme, Vicia amoena, Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis, and Aster yomena etc. The vegetation of Seunamsa areas in Mt. Joghesan was favorable but the vegetations of the other areas in the mountain were negligible. The vegetation of Koolmokchi areas which had been much destroyed by forest fires was mostly covered with Quercus spp which are resistant to forest fires. Lindera sericea, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum, Ilex macropoda, Corylopsis coreana, Albizzia julibrssin of old trees, Acer mono, the community of Thea sinensis, Stewartca koreana, Cornus alba, Dryopteris bisstiana, Asplenium incisum, Camptosorus, Lepisorus thunbergianus, gastrodia elata, Cymbidium goeringii, and the community of Persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme etc. in Mt. Jonhesan are autochthonous flora, and their preservation is required. As the Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Joghesan which was hewn down by human power has not been restored, Jeopchi areas and Koolmokchi areas in Mt. Joghesan have no Pinnus densiflora trees 700m above the sea level.