• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 1994

고양이의 시상하부내 SON과 PVN에서 VP분비신경원과 OT분비신경원의 형태와 분포를 관찰하기 위해서 면역조직화학적 반응을 시행하였다. 광학 및 전자 현미경적 관찰에 의하면 VP분비신경원과 OT분비신경원의 형태 차이는 없었다. 이들의 형태는 방추형, 타원형 그리고 원형이었으며 크기는 25-40mm으로 나타났다. SON은 시삭위에 능형의 형태로 나타나고 OT분비신경원과 VP분비신경원의 비율은 1:2.4이며 PVN은 제3뇌실을 따라 삼각형 모양으로 나타나고 VP분비신경원과 OT분비신경원의 비율은 1:1.6으로 나타났다 전자현미경적 관찰에 의하면 VP분비신경원과 OT분비신경원에서 과립형질내세망, 사립체, 골지장치, 그리고 미세소관 등이 특히 잘 발달되어 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1225-1231
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• 2005

Purpose : This study compares the first epileptic seizures between preterm and term-born children with periventricular leukomalacia and epilepsy. Methods : From 108 cases having lesions of high signal intensity around the ventricles in T2 weighted imaging of a brain magnetic resonance study, we selected 37 cases that showed epileptic seizures two times or more and divided them into the group of preterm-born(27 cases) and term-born children(10 cases). A retrospective study was made by comparing the two groups with regard to age, type of the first epileptic seizures, EEG findings and responsiveness to anticonvulsants. Results : The age of the first epileptic seizure was $22.2{\pm}18.3$ months in the preterm-born group and $26.9{\pm}21.1$ months in the term-born group(P=0.505). As for the first epileptic seizure, 11 out of the 27 cases in the preterm-born group had infantile spasms. Out of the 10 cases in the term-born group, 7 had complex partial seizures. In the preterm group, hypsarrhythmias were found in 11 cases, focal epileptiform discharges in 6 cases. In term-born group, focal epileptiform discharges were found in 5 cases but no epileptiform discharge was found in 3 cases. Intractable epilepsies were diagnosed in 6 cases and all of them belonged to the preterm-born group. Conclusion : More severe epilepsies such as infantile spasm and intractable epilepsies seem to be more common in preterm-born epileptic children with PVL as well as more severely abnormal EEG finding compared to term-born epileptic children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1329-1336
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• 2019

Subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain contains neural stem cells (NSCs) which self-renew and differentiate to neurons and glial cells during postnatal period and throughout adulthood. Since fate decision to either proliferation or differentiation has to respond to intracellular and extracellular conditions, many intrinsic and extrinsic factors are involved. Among them, mitochondria have been reported to participate in fate decision of NSCs. In our previous report, we showed that long-term treatment of a mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone greatly inhibited neurogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of short-term treatment of rotenone on SVZ NSCs. We found that (1) even one-day treatment of rotenone significantly reduced neurogenesis and earlier time points seemed to be more sensitive to rotenone, (2) a number of Mash1+ transit amplifying cells was decreased by one-day treatment of rotenone, (3) short-term treatment of rotenone eliminated most of the differentiated Tuj1+ neurons and Olig2+ oligodendrocytes, while glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes were not affected, and (4) sulfiredoxin 1 (Srxn1) gene expression was increased after one-day treatment of rotenone, indicating activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway. All these results confirm that functional mitochondria are necessary during differentiation to neurons or oligodendrocytes as well as maintenance of neurons after differentiation. Also, these data suggest that temporary exposure to mitochondrial inhibitor such as rotenone might have long-term effects on neurogenic potential of NSCs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1397-1405
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• 2018

Mitochondria have multiple functions in cells: providing chemical energy, storing cellular $Ca^{2+}$, generating reactive oxygen species, and regulating apoptosis. Through these functions, mitochondria are also involved in the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells. In the brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the neurogenic regions that contains neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout a lifetime. However, reports on the role of mitochondria in SVZ NSCs are scarce. Here, we show that rotenone, a complex I inhibitor of mitochondria, inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of SVZ NSCs in different ways. In proliferating NSCs, rotenone decreases mitosis as measured through phosphorylated histone H3 detection; moreover, apoptosis is not induced by rotenone at 50 nM. In differentiating NSCs, rotenone blocks neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis while glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes are not affected. Interestingly, in this study there were more cells in the differentiating NSCs treated with rotenone for 4-6 days than in the vehicle control group which was a different effect from the reduced number of cells in the proliferating NSCs. We examined both apoptosis and mitosis and found that rotenone decreased apoptosis as detected by staining cleaved caspase-3 but did not affect mitosis. Our results suggest that functional mitochondria are necessary in both the proliferation and differentiation of SVZ NSCs. Furthermore, mitochondria might be involved in the mitosis and apoptosis that occur during those processes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.696-700
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• 2000

The authors report a case of atypical meningioma in the fourth ventricle. Intraventricular meningioma is not uncommon intracranial neoplasm, especially that in the trigone of lateral ventricle, however, those in the third and fourth ventricle are very rare. There are only two cases of atypical meningiomas in the fourth ventricle among 29 cases of fourth ventricular meningiomas reported 17 literature. The clinical features, findings of magnetic resonance image and operation of our case, and review of literature are presented.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2000

There are a few tanycytes between the general ependymal cells lining the ependymal layer of the brain ventricle. These cells are considered as modified ependymal cells which possess a long basal process. Tanycytes are known to have an ability to communicate by absorbing substances from cerebrospinal fluid and transporting them to the blood vessels and/or to the neurons in the CNS. The third and fourth ventricular tanycytes were mainly studied as subjects but it's rare to find reports about the tanycytes of the area postrema. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is an intermediate filament protein that is expressed especially in astrocytes of the CNS. But GFAP is also found in filament of the tanycytes and its process. Therefore this study was carried out for the examination of the GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes lining the area postrema of the bat, and we also examined the ultrastructure of tanycytes using electron microscope. GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes were located in the caudal portion of the fourth ventricle, and especially mainly in the transitional zone between the floor of the caudal fourth ventricle and ependymal layer lining the area postrema. A few GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes were also found in the ependymal layer lining the area postrema, and some groups of tanycytes were found in the ependymal layer of the area postrema near the floor of the caudal fourth ventricle , The processes of tanycytes were stained deeply with anti-GFAP antibody. Especially the GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes lining the area postrema had very long processes that cross the whole width of the area postrema. In the electron microscope, the cell body of ependymal tanycyte was located on the ependymal layer and had a long basal process. Intermediate filaments were observed around the nucleus and well developed in the process of tanycrte. Longitudinal oriented long mitochondria and a few lipid droplets were also found in this process. After immunocytocheical staining, the gold particles were found only in the intermediate filaments. We could not determine the function of the tanycytes in the area postrema. Thus, further investigation is required to determine the functional relationship between the tanycytes and the area postrema in hibernating animal, the bat.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.882-890
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• 2007

Purpose : Preterm very low birth weight infant have high rate of adverse neurodevelopmental sequale. Recently, there have been lots of reports that human umbilical cord blood transplantation ameliorates functional deficits in animal models as hypoxic ischemic injury. This pilot study was undertaken to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of autologous umbilical cord blood cell transplantation for preventing neurodevelopmental sequale in perterm VLBW. Methods : Subjects were 26 preterm infants whose birth weight are less than 1,500 g and delivered under the intrauterine period 34 weeks. Autologous umbilical mononuclear cells (about $5.87{\times}10^7/kg$) were injected to neonate via the umbilical vein on the postnatal 24-48 hour. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by numbers of nucleated RBC, urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio, concentration of neuron specific enolase (NSE), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid on day 1 and 7. Results : There were no significant differences in the numbers of the nucleated RBC, urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio, concentration of creatine kinase between the transplanted infants and controls. But the nucleated RBC is more likely to be rapidly discharged in the transplanted group. In the transplanted group, the concentrations of IL6, $IL-1{\beta}$, and GDNF were no significant difference between day 1 and 7, although GDNF seemed to be elevated. Serum NSE concentration was significantly elevated after transplantation, but not in CSF. Conclusion : It is suggested that autologous umbilical cord blood transplantation in preterm very low birth weight infant is safe to apply clinical practice. Long term follow up study should be needed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of umbilical cord blood transplantation for neuroprotection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.301-305
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• 1986

Enterovirus 감염증시(感染症時) dexamethasone이 미치는 영향(影響)을 알아보기 위하여 초유(初乳)를 먹지 않은 1일령(日齡) 자돈(仔豚) enterovirus를 경구감염(經口感染)시키고 dexamethasone을 근육주사(筋肉注射)한 후 임상(臨床) 및 병리조직학적(病理組織學的)으로 관찰(觀察)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 임상적(臨床的)으로는 dexamethasone을 투여(投與)한 자돈(仔豚)에서 감염후(感染後) 3일(日)째 체온(體溫)의 상승(上昇), 4일(日)째 보행실조(步行失調) 그리고 8일(日)째 횡와(橫臥)한 반면(反面) enterovirus만을 감염(感染)시킨 대조군(對照群)은 감염후(感染後) 7일(日)째 체온(體溫)의 상승(上昇), 14일(日)째 보행실조(步行失調)가 확인(認定)되었다. 병리조직학적(病理組織學的) 소견(所見)으로는 중추신경계(中樞神經系) 전반(全般)에 걸쳐 수막하(髓膜下) 원형세포(圓形細胞)의 침윤(侵潤), 혈관주위(血管周圍) 원형세포(圓形細胞)의 침윤(侵潤), 미만성(彌漫性) 또는 한국성(限局性) gliosis, 신경세포(神經細胞)의 퇴행성(退行性) 변화(變化)가 관찰(觀察)되었고, 특히 대뇌(大腦) 제(第)3뇌실부(腦室部)와 중뇌수도(中腦水道), 제(第)4뇌실(腦室) 및 척수(脊髓)의 중심관(中心管) 주변부(周邊部)에서 glia 세포(細胞)의 침윤(侵潤)이 현저(顯著)하였으며, 병변(病變)의 정도(程度)는 enterovirus만을 감염(感染)시킨 대조군(對照群)에 비해 dexamethasone을 투여(投與)한 자돈(仔豚)에서 훨씬 심하게 나타난 점으로 보아 dexamethasone 투여(投與)는 자돈(仔豚)의 enterovirus 감염증(感染症)을 촉진(促進)시킬 수 있는 한 유인(誘因)으로 간주(看做)된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.647-655
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• 2011

The neurotoxicity of aggregated amyloid ${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) has been implicated as a critical cause in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It can cause neurotoxicity in AD by evoking a cascade of apoptosis to neuron. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of cilostazol, which acts as a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity in mouse neuronal cells and cognitive decline in the C57BL/6J AD mouse model via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-${\gamma}$ activation. $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ significantly reduced cell viability and increased the number of apoptotic-like cells. Cilostazol treatment recovered cells from $A{\beta}$-induced cell death as well as rosiglitazone, a PPAR-${\gamma}$ activator. These effects were suppressed by GW9662, an antagonist of PPAR-${\gamma}$ activity, indicative of a PPAR-${\gamma}$-mediated signaling. In addition, cilostazol and rosiglitazone also restored PPAR-${\gamma}$ activity levels that had been altered as a result of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treatment, which were antagonized by GW9662. Furthermore, cilostazol also markedly decreased the number of apoptotic-like cells and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Intracerebroventricular injection of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ in C57BL/6J mice resulted in impaired cognitive function. Oral administration of cilostazol (20 mg/kg) for 2 weeks before $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ injection and once a day for 4 weeks post-surgery almost completely prevented the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cognitive deficits, as did rosiglitazone. Taken together, our findings suggest that cilostazol could attenuate $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced neuronal cell injury and apoptosis as well as promote the survival of neuronal cells, subsequently improving cognitive decline in AD, partly because of PPAR-${\gamma}$ activation. The phosphodiesterase III inhibitor cilostazol may be the basis of a novel strategy for the therapy of AD.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 1984

During last 10 years we experienced 25 cases of C.N.S. cysticercosis. Now clinical analysis and evaluation of our cases were made and the results are followings: 1. Prevalence in man and women are nearly same and about 70% of cases are distributed between 20-50 years old. 2. According to Nieto's classification, mostly are ventricular (44%) and parenchymal type (36%). 3. Clinical manifestations were IICP (92%), focal neurological deficits (68%), seizure (48%), altered mental status (36%) and others listed on table 7. 4. In ventricular type, IICP and cerebellar dysfuction signs were predominated but seizure and focal neurological deficits were commonly seen in parenchymal type. 5. Subcutaneous cysticercus nodules were palpated in 32 % of cases. 6. Positive stool ova was observed in 29% of cases. 7. Radiologic studies revealed as followings: 16 % of cases showed abnormal findings on plain film, 84% on angiography, 94% on ventriculography and 100% on computed tomography and myelography. Computed tomography looks like most helpful diagnostic method for C.N.S. cysticercosis, they ususally revealed lucent cystic lesion, hydrocephalic findings and contrast enhancement. 8. Suboccipital craniectomy, craniotomy with removal of parenchymal cyst or laminectomy were done according to location and types of lesion. 72 % of operated cases revealed good results and motarlity was 4 % of cases.