• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1077-1087
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• 2015

The levee protect lifes, houses, and properties by blocking overflow of river. The revetment is forced to be covered on the slope of levee in order to prevent erosion. The stability of revetment is very important enough to directly connected to the stability of levee. In this study, the weak points of revetment on meandering channel were found by movable revetment experiment and the velocity and the water surface elevation (WSE) were measured at main points. The 3-D numerical simulations were performed under same conditions with experiment. And unclear flow characteristics by the limit of measuring instruments were analyzed through numerical simulation. Consequently, the section of large wall shear stress and the failure section are almost the same. Despite of small wall shear stress, the revetments located at right bank were carried away because of circulation zone due to secondary flow by meandering. With existing riprap design formula, the sizes of riprap determined using maximum local velocity were 1.5~4.7 times greater than them using mean velocity. As a result of this study, it is necessary to calculate the size of riprap in other ways for meandering and straight channel. At a later study, if the weighted value considered the radius of curvature and shape of hydraulic structure is applied to riprap design formula, it is expected that the size of revetment was evaluated rationally and accurately.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.557-565
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• 2016

The risk of collapse in hydraulic structures has become more elevated, due to the increased probability and scale of flooding caused by global warming and the resulting abnormal climatic conditions. When a levee, a typical hydraulic structure, breaks, an enormous breach flow pours into the floodplain and much flood damage then occurs. It is important to accurately calculate the breach discharge in order to predict this damage. In this study, the variation of the breach discharge with the asymmetry in the cross-section of the levee breach was analyzed. Through hydraulic experiments, the cross-section of the breach was analyzed during the collapse using the BASD (Bilateral ASymmetry Degree), which was developed to measure the degree of asymmetry. The relationship of the breach discharge was identified using the BASD. Additionally, the variation of the breach flow measured by the BASD was investigated through a 3-D numerical analysis under the same flow conditions as those in the experiment. It was found that the assumption of a rectangular breach cross-section, which is generally used for the estimation of the inundation area, can cause the breach discharge to be overestimated. According to the BASD, the breach flow is decreased by the interference effect in the breach section of the levee. If the breach flow is calculated while considering the BASD in the numerical analysis of the flooding, it is expected that the predicted inundation area can be estimated accurately.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.54
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• pp.303-343
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• 2018

In 2013 a new era for EU patent law system was launched. The creation of the EU patent with unitary effect and the establishment of the Unified Patent Court established a new legal framework on substantive patent protection and patent litigation in Europe. This year the EU Patent Package would become a reality. It includes a regulation on a unitary patent, a regulation on the translation regime and an international Agreement on the Unitary Patent Court. In contrast to the classical European patent, the post-grant life of unitary patent will be governed by the newly created unified patent court and it will have unitary effect. In this article, I highlight the effect of the unitary patent and the jurisdiction of the unified patent court over unitary patents (and 'traditional' patents granted under the EPC that are not opted-out) for actions in relation to patent infringement or to revocation of a European patent and to licences of right. This article explores on the one hand the relation between national patent, the classical European patent and EU patent with unitary effect and on the other hand the relation of unified patent court to the Brussels $I^{bis}$ Regulation. Particular attention is paid to the institutional changes created by the unitary patent package abd the new supplementary forum that enables the UPC to hear disputes involving defendants from third States that relate to an infringement of a European patent and give rise to damage inside as well as outside the Union. Furthermore on the perspective North-east Asia this essay examines the lessons from the experiences of EU patent package.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-31
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• 2000

Quaternary Geological and geophysical investigation was performed at the Eurimji reservoir of Jaechon City in order to interprete depositional environment and genesis of lake sediments. For this purpose, echo sounding, bottom sampling and columnar sampling by drilling on board and GPR survey were employed for a proper field investigation. Laboratory tests cover grain size population analysis, pollen analysis and $^{14}C$ datings for the lake sediments. The some parts of lake bottom sediments anthropogenically tubated and filled several times to date, indicating several mounds on the bottom surface which is difficult to explain by bottom current. Majority of natural sediments were accumulated both as rolling and suspended loads during seasonal flooding regime, when flash flow and current flow are relatively strong not only at bridge area of the western part of Eurimji, connected to stream valley, but at the several conduit or sewage system surrounding the lake. Most of uniform suspend sediments are accumulated at the lake center and lower bank area. Some parts of bottom sediments indicate the existence of turbid flow and mudflow probably due to piezometric overflowing from the lake bottom, the existence of which are proved by CM patterns of the lake bottom sediments. The columnar samples of the lake sediments in ER-1 and ER-3-1 boreholes indicate good condition without any human tubation. The grain size character of borehole samples shows poorly sorted population, predominantly composed of fine sand and muds, varying skewness and kurtosis, which indicate multi-processed lake deposits, very similar to lake bottom sediments. Borehole columnar section, echo sounding and GPR survey profilings, as well as processed data, indicate that organic mud layers of Eurimji lake deposits are deeper and thicker towards lower bank area, especially west of profile line-9. In addition the columnar sediments indicate plant coverage of the Eurimji area were divided into two pollen zones. Arboreal pollen ( AP) is predominant in the lower pollen zone, whreas non-aboreal pollen(NAP) is rich in the upper pollen zone. Both of the pollen zones are related to the vegetation coverage frequently found in coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved trees(mixed forest) surrounded by mountains and hilly areas and prevailing by aquatic or aquatic margin under the wet temperate climate. The $^{14}C$ age of the dark gray organic muds, ER1-12 sample, is 950$\pm$40 years B.P. As the sediments are anthropogenetically undisturbed, it is assumed that the reliability of age is high. Three $^{14}C$ ages of the dark gray organic muds, including ER3-1-8, ER3-1-10, ER3-1-11 samples, are 600$\pm$30 years B.P., 650$\pm$30 years B.P., 800$\pm$40 years B.P. in the descending order of stratigraphic columnar section. Based on the interpretation of depositional environments and formation ages, it is proved that Eurimji reservoir were constructed at least 950$\pm$40 years B.P., the calibrated ages of which ranges from 827 years, B.P. to 866 years B.P. Ancient people utilize the natural environment of the stream valley to meet the need of water irrigation for agriculture in the local valley center and old alluvium fan area.