• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1998

Algal meal (cell) was produced from the solution of dairy cow wastes by fermentation of ulothrix. sp. and chlorella sp. Raw wastes mainly feces were diluted with ground water to give dry matter concentration of 0.5 w/v of wastes in 20 l amounts of ten plastic containers. Each containers were covered with plastic nets and vinyl films to protect from the insects and rain. Algea cells were harvested every 3 to 5 days and dried by sunlight and artifitial heat. Dried cells were ground by a feed meal, and analyzed and tested for the chemical composition of dry cell, in vitro DM and protein digestibility and the safty of algae. Protein contents in algae meals, ulothrix (29.37%) and chlorella (29.24%) were similar. However, chlorella contained lower Neutral detergent fiber (5.92%) than ulothrix(20,76%), and higher ash (32.86%) and calcium (12.62%) than ulothrix (28.66% and 6.09%) (P<.01). Ulothrix protein had higher for essential amino acids; valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, than chlorella (P<.05). Algal fats contained high saturated fatty acids, C16:0 and C18:0, for ulothrix and high unsaturated fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2, for chlorella (P<.01). In vitro digestibility of. ulothrix tended to be higher for DM, but lower for protein than chlorella. The weight gain and survival percentage were higher for pond fishes (loaches, Misgurnus sp. ) fed diet added chlorella meal than diets added ulothrix meal and control diet (P<.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine fertilizer nutrient and pollutant production of Holstein dairy cattle by estimating manure characteristics. The moisture content of feces was 83.9% and 95.1% for urine. The pH of feces and urine were in the ranges of 7.0～7.4 and 7.5～7.8, respectively. The average BOD5, COD, SS, T-N, T-P concentrations of the dairy feces were 18,294, 52,765, 102,889, 2,575, and 457mg/ℓ, respectively. Dairy urine showed lower levels of BOD5(5,455mg/ℓ), COD(8,089mg/ℓ), SS(593mg/ℓ), T-N(3,401mg/l), and T-P(13mg/ℓ) than feces. The total daily produced pollutant amounts of a dairy cow were 924.1g(Milking cow), 538.8g(Dry cow), 284.4g(Heifer) of BOD5, 2,336.5g (Milking cow), 1,651.8g(Dry cow), 734.1g(Heifer) of COD and 4,210.1g(Milking cow), 2,417.1g(Dry cow), 1,629.1g(Heifer) of SS and 194.8g(Milking cow), 96.4g(Dry cow), 58.3g(Heifer) of T-N and 24.0g(Milking cow), 10.2g(Dry cow), 6.1g(Heifer) of T-P. The calculated amount of pollutants produced by a 450kg dairy cow for one year were 181.3kg of BOD5, 492.5kg of COD, 899.9kg of SS, 36.0kg of T-N and 4.1kg of T-P. The total yearly estimated pollutant production from all head(497,261) of dairy cattle in Korea is 90,149 tons of BOD5, 244,890 tons of COD, 447,491 tons of SS, 17,898 tons of T-N and 2,008 tons of T-P. The fertilizer nutrient concentrations of dairy feces was 0.26% N, 0.1% P2O5 and 0.14% K2O. Urine was found to contain 0.34% N, 0.003% of P2O5 and 0.31% K2O. The total daily fertilizer nutrients produced by dairy cattle were 197.4g (Milking cow), 97.4g(Dry cow), and 57.9g(Heifer) of Nitrogen, 54.2g(Milking cow), 22.2g(Dry cow), and 14.2g(Heifer) of P2O5 and 110.8g(Milking cow), 80.4g (Dry cow), and 39.5g(Heifer) of K2O. The total yearly estimated fertilizer nutrient produced by a 450kg dairy animal is 36.2kg of N, 8.8kg of P2O5, 24.6kg of K2O. The estimated yearly fertilizer nutrient production from all dairy cattle in Korea is 18,000 tons of N, 4,397 tons of P2O5, 12,206 tons of K2O. Dairy manure contains useful trace minerals for crops, such as CaO and MgO, which are contained in similar levels to commercial compost being sold in the domestic market. Concentrations of harmful trace minerals, such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, met the Korea compost standard regulations, with some of these minerals being in undetected amounts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.387-395
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• 2015

Anaerobic mesophilic batch test of several organic wastes were carried out by a graphical statistic analysis (GSA) to evaluate their ultimate biodegradability and two distinctive decay rates ($k_1$ and $k_2$) with their corresponding degradable substrate fractions ($S_1$ and $S_2$). Each 3 L batch reactor was operated for more than 100 days at the substrate to inoculum ratio (S/I) of 0.5 as an initial total volatile solids (TVS) mass basis. Their Ultimate biodegradabilities were obtained respectively as follow; 69% swine waste, 45% dairy cow manure, 66% slaughterhouse waste, 79% food waste, 87% food waste leachate, 68% primary sludge and 39% waste activated sludge. The readily biodegradable fraction of 89% ($S_1$) of Swine Waste BVS ($S_o$) degraded with in the initial 31 days with $k_1$ of $0.116day^{-1}$, where as the rest 11% slowly biodegradable fraction ($S_2$) of BVS degraded for more than 100 days with the long term batch reaction rates ($k_2$) of $0.004day^{-1}$. For the Food Waste and Waste Activated Sludge, their readily biodegradable portions ($S_1$) appeared 89% and 80%, which degrades with $k_1$ of $0.195day^{-1}$ and $0.054day^{-1}$ for an initial 15 days and 28 days, respectively. Their corresponding long term batch reaction rates ($k_2$) were $0.003day^{-1}$ and $0.002day^{-1}$. Results from other organic wastes are addressed in this paper. The theoretical hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of anaerobic digesters treating organic wastes are easily determined by the analysis of multiple decay rate coefficients ($k_1$ and $k_2$) and their corresponding biodegradable substrate fractions ($S_1$ and $S_2$).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2021

In spite of the highest energy potential among all domestic organic solid wastes. the research on biogas production from cattle manure is limited. In particular, effects of organic content degradation and sawdust addition during storage on biomethane potential have never been investigated. In the present work, we investigated the change of organic content during storage of cattle manure under different temperatures (20℃ and 30℃), and its impact on biomethane potential and odor emissions. 90 days of investigation results showed that 10% of organics in terms of VS and COD were degraded at 20℃ during storage, while 30% were degraded at 30℃. This result impacted on biomethane potential, while 10-13% and 24% reduction were observed from beef and dairy cattle manure, respectively. The temperature also affected on CH4 and odor emissions during storage by 3.3-3.8 times and 29 times. The effect of sawdust on lowering down biomethane potential was found to be substantial, reducing 61-75% compared to the control.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

Fresh dairy cow manure was mixed with dried sawdust at the following moisture contents and manure: sawdust ratios: 50% and 57:43 ($\underline{M50}$), 55% and 64:36 ($\underline{M55}$), 60% and 70:30 ($\underline{M60}$), 65% and 76:24 ($\underline{M65}$), 70% and 83:17 ($\underline{M70}$) 75% and 90:10($\underline{M75}$) and 80% and 96:04($\underline{M80}$). The mixtures were fermented by a fungal mycelium of Fomitella flaxinea for 2wk at 29 C to recycle cow manure along with sawdust and fungal mycelium as a ruminant feedstuff. Chemical composition and in vitro rumen dry matter digestibilities of fermented mixtures were compared with unfermented mixture. The crude protein contents of mixtures were not changed by fermentation with fungal mycelium. Neutral detergent fiber contents of 4WK fermented mixtures (90.6, 85.3, 80.4, and 76.4% for $\underline{M50}$, $\underline{M60}$, $\underline{M70}$ and $\underline{M80}$, respectively were lower (P<0.05) than those of unfermented mixtures (91.1, 89.9, 84.3, and 79.4%). However, acid detergent fiber contents of fermented mixtures (73.8, 68.9, 65.3, and 58.0%) were higher (P<0.05) than those unfermented mixtures (70.2, 67.8, 61.7, and 56.3%). In vitro rumen dry matter digestibilities of fermented mixtures for four weeks(49.4, 36.8, 28.6, and 22.3% for $\underline{M50}$, $\underline{M60}$, $\underline{M70}$ and $\underline{M80}$) were higher than those of unfermented mixtures(34.1, 27.5, 20.6, and 15.4%) (P<0.05).