• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.24-43
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• 2018

Thirty-five of Hwaban of Jeongjagak had been built in the last three hundred years, which means a Hwaban was made in almost every ten years. Jeongjagak is a building that requires a certain ornamentation having the identical Gongpo type, called E-ikgong, and maintains the same shape for a long time. While Hwaban is an element that faithfully serves the ornamental role, the field study found that Hwaban-chogak went through various changes over the years unlikely to Jeongjagak. This study enumerates and classifies the various types of Hwaban-chgak by outlining the similarities/differences of the various types of Hwavanchogak, and by discovering what the craftsmen aimed to express through the Hwaban-chogaks. As a result, Hwaban-chogak can be generally divided into two categories depending on the starting point of Chogak: 'Downward-Type' and 'Upward-type' and the study tried to find the origin of that. The first represents the stems of Hwaban crafts flowing from top to bottom, and the latter showing the opposite direction. Around 1740s Upward-type can be chronologically caragorised as; 'original- type' which contains lotus and 'modified- type' which eliminates lotus. It is inferred that the modified-type was caused by the employment system of the craftsmen. It is also recognized that the main frame of Hwaban-chogak had been maintained despite the fact that Chogak became increasingly ornamental for the next a hundred years from the Hwaban-chogak drawings in Whaseong-seongyeog-uigwe, which was completed in 1796. The study has a limitation that the focus of the research is only on the Hwaban of Jeongjagak and expected to look into Hwaban in the context of other construction elements such as Ikgong, Daegong and Anchogong for further studies.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1992 no.11
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• pp.15-17
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• 1992

정자 운동의 분석은 붙임의 원인 규명과 진단에 중요한 정보를 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 연속된 정자 운동 영상을 이용해 정자 운동성의 주요 척도인 선형속도, 곡선속도, 선형성, 운동력등의 운동특성을 검출해 내는 알고리즘을 구현했다. 비디오 신호로 보내진 정자 영상을 컴퓨터에 의해 디지털화하고, 각 정자 머리의 위치를 계산해내었고, 이로부터 정자 등의 경로 및 주요 운동특성를 찾았다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.280-301
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• 2021

Chogak has been regarded as originating from the paintings decorating building elements. Various curved shape drawings that were first seen in the paintings of Goguryeo tomb murals evolved into the vine patterned Dancheong of Geuklakjeon in Bongjeongsa. Cheomcha of Geuklakjeon was chiseled with Yeonhwadusik relievo at the bottom on top of Dancheong, and this was the beginning of Cheomcha-Chogak. Also, Cheomcha, which was carved with a preliminary vine patterned Chogak in Daeungjeon in Bongjeongsa, opened the era of engraving Chogak directly on the surface of structural elements. Since then, vine patterned Chogak was a significant decoration technique for the Cheomcha of traditional wooden construction for a long time. Because Jeongjagak is a structure that was continuously built between the end of the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 and the late Joseon Dynasty, the transition of Cheomcha-Chogak over time can be seen through Jeongjagak architecture. The early Cheomcha-Chogak presents stems that climb up (Upbound-type) towards the headpiece on a column, while stems of Chogak later reversed direction to descend (Downbound-type) from the headpiece. This study examined the transition process and reasons for the change, with a focus on the findings above, and identified a new type of Chogak that is unrelated to the direction type and was adopted during the transition from Upbound-type to Downbound-type. The new type appeared when the Jeongjagaks for the Royal Tomb of Kyeongjo and those of the Injo were built, and it matches with the transitional period wherein lotus vanishes from Hwaban-Chogak. The study also inferred that the direction change of Cheomcha-Chogak stems was caused by the separation of vine patterned Chogak, carved with a two-stepped inner Ikgon, into both upward and downward from the headpiece, and this led to the changes that manifested as the inside of Choikgong being the Downbound-type Chogak and the variegated vine patterned Chogak of Choikgong affecting the direction of Cheomcha-Chogak. This is the follow-up study of "A Study on the Hwaban-Chogak of the Neungwon-Jeongjagak," a paper published in 2018, and is limited in n that Cheomcha, the focus of the research, is just one of the construction elements of Jeongjagak. The entirety ofChogak cannot be understood only by observing Cheomcha.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.18
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• pp.357-362
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• 1985

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 1993

동양달팽이(Nesiohelix samarangae)의 자성생식기 중 정자낭(spermatheca)의 미세구조를 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 성체의 정자낭의 내강에서는 정자와 이와 관련된 물질들 또는 상피로부터의 분비물질들이 관찰되었다. 정자낭의 내강을 둘러싸고 있는 벽의 상피는 단층원주상피로서 내강과 연한 세포의 원형질막은 미세융모를 가지고 있었으며 섬모는 가지고 있지 않았다. 이 미세융모들의 기부에서는 고배율 하에서 pinocytotic vesicle들이 관찰되었고 때로 세포의 분비물을 세포 밖으로 방출하는 모습도 관찰되었다. 세포들의 상부세포질에는 많은 수의 mitochondria가 있었고, 때로 분비과립과 lysosomd들이 존재하기도 하였다. 이들보다 아래에는 잘 발달한 골지체와 과립소포체(RER)들이 있었다. 이 부위에서 분비과립들이 많이 형성되어 있는 모습이 세포에 따라 관찰되었고, 그 아래에 즉, 각 세포의 하반부 세포질에 상하로 긴 핵이 관찰되었다. 세포의 기부 원형질막은 상부 세포질 내로 깊게 그리고 수없이 많이 주름을 이루고 있어 인접한 세포와의 경계를 구분할 수 없을 정도였다. 기저막의 아래에는 근육다발과 색소세포들이 결합조직 내에서 관찰되었고, 정자낭의 외막은 큰 액포로 인하여 세포질들이 원형질막 주변으로 밀려나 있는 특이한 세포들로 이루어져 있었다. 정자낭의 기능은 정자를 일시 저장하며 정자낭 상피에서 분비되는 소화액들로 정자를 일차적으로 세포외 소화하고 소화되지 않은 물질들을 흡수하여 이차적으로 세포내소화하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2023

A literature study was conducted on the management of the pavilion of the royal tomb in the late Joseon Dynasty, focusing on "Gakneung Suri Deungnok(Records relating to the repair of royal tombs)". This study analyzed the royal tomb management system, organized the types of damage identified in the building, and examined how the damage status was recorded by type. In the above, the records related to the 1675~1713 repair of three JeongJaGak(Geonwonneung, Sungneung, and Mokneung), which are registered as state-designated cultural properties, are summarized in three aspects: management system, damage status, and expression words. The results of the study are as follows. First, the royal tomb pavilion was regularly inspected by Observator(觀察使) in spring and autumn, and Surunggwan(守陵官) every 5th, and Servant(守僕) regularly inspected every day and night, and also inspected and reported emergency cases of natural disasters or unexpected damage. Second, the damage status of each building was continuously observed and reported for the continuous maintenance of the buildings in the royal tomb. A total of 75 records of damage to the three royal tombs' pavilion were found to have been most frequently inspected, including 19 cases (25.3%), 14 cases (18.7%), 23 cases (30.7%) of the roof, and 19 cases (25.3%) of the roof. Third, the expression of the damage status is confirmed in various ways, such as separation, separation, burst, damage, excitation, moisture, leakage, and exfoliation. Among them, the main damage records were confirmed due to the separation of the base from the peeling, the furniture, cracks, leaks, leaks in the roof, and the collapse of the roof was able to check the damage records.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 1989

불염여성에서 복강내액의 독성 유무를 알기 위해서 콤퓨터 정액 분석기를 이용하여 복강내액의 정자 활동성을 분석하였다. 연구대상은 자궁내막증 환자 14예와 자궁내막증이 없는 불염환자로부터의 복강내액 9예로 하였다. 연구방법은 건강인의 정자를 셰척 분리하여 대상환자의 복강내액과 Hams F10 배양액을 동량 흔합하여 (50%) 배양후 정자 활동성을 측정하였다. 정자 활동성의 감소는 배양전 0시간의 수치와 비교해서 1시간， 4시간 그리고 24시간후의 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 자궁내막증 제 1기 및 제 2기 환자와 자궁내막증이 없는 환자의 복수에서의 정자 활동성의 감소는 통계학적으로 의의있는 차이는 없었다. 그러나 자궁내막증이 심한 제 3기의 환자군에서는 의의있는 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 실험군간의 정자 활동성의 평균치 차이는 없었으나，각 군에서의 환자별 개인 성적은 정자 활동성이 현저히 감소한 독성있는 복강내액과 비독성의 복강내액을 쉽게 구별할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 정자 배양을 이용한 복강내액 독성 검사는 비교적 간단하고 경제적이므로 염상적으로 최근에 대두된 복강내 수정 치료법의 예비검사로서 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.163-167
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• 2002

In order to study the temperature dependence of the magnetostatic wave modes for an YIG thin film, grown by a liquid phase epitaxy method, The ferromagnetic resonance was performed by an FMR spectrometer in the temperature range -140$\^{C}$∼200$\^{C}$. The magnetostatic surface wave and backward volume wave modes show periodic excitations in parallel configuration. The resonance fields of all modes and intensities decreased with decreasing the temperature. All magnetostatic modes can be well explained by the Walker and Damon-Eshbach theory. The calculated saturation magnetization Ms of the YIG thin film was increased with decreasing the temperature. The line widths of magnetostatic modes changed in various trends with decreasing the temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1995

소의 위에 기생하는 쌍구흠충(Paromphistomum cewi)에서의 정자형성과정을 광학현미경과 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다 발생중인 모든 세포들은 중앙에 있는 세포질로부터 각 세포들로 이어지는 세포간교에 의하여 서로 연결되어 있어 분열과 분화의 동시성을 위한 영양계를 이루고 있었다 정원세포들은 4세포기까지이며 모두 기정막에 붙어 있었다. 일차정모세포는 8세포, 이차정모세포는 16세포가 영양계를 이루었고, 정세포는 32세포가 영양계를 이루었으며 이 상태에서 변태를 진행하였다 성숙한 정자의 머리는 나사모양이고 첨체는 형성되지 않았으며 2개의 축사를 가지고 있었다 축사의 단면에서 미소관의 배열상태는 9치 유형이었다.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to comprehend the change of the terms and the structure of the Pungpanbu in the T-shaped wooden shrines in the later Joseon period through the Salleung-dogamuigwes. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, the terms in the Salleung-dogamuigwes were similar to Yeonggeon-dogamuigwes but timing difference was verified. The word about the frame of Pungpanbu was different from the current. Second, in accordance with the extended of Pungpanbu, the members of frame of Pungpanbu had been increased and it had been changed to the lattice. The members of Pungpanbu used as plan dimensions and the size of the members had been gradually increased. Third, the Pungpanbu had been extended to protect the side of T-shaped wooden shrines. At the same time, the range of Chukjungbang had been extended. This was the result of the efforts of the era to reduce the range of plaster. This affected the overall elevation change of T-shaped wooden shrines.