• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Gyeongju, Silla capital, hasn't paid much attention to a value of fortress as advanced frame of landscape all the while. All have done until now were maintaining lots of fortress including Gyeongju and setting night landscape lighting for them or building a trail in mountain fortress. Hereupon, this study tried to take a look at historical and scenic value of fortress, landscape frame of Gyeongju-Silla capital, based on Wolseong and Myeonghwalseong and find the way to contribute to it on landscape architectural level. As Wolseong(月城) and Myeonghwalseong(明活城) functioned as royal palace in Silla Dynasty, they need some research and study on fortress inside in detail rather than restoring them by simply maintaining the shapes. While Wolseong has overall excavation investigation going on, Myeonghwalseong representing mountain fortress area is losing its value due to unbefitting management to a title of world heritage. If conducting close research and study on these remains, it seems like it could contribute a lot to landscape architectural research of Silla royal palace through tracks, which will be used as royal palace. Here I suggest research direction on landscape architectural level about fortress remains in Gyeongju area as followings. Firstly, away from all research focusing on fortress shape, consecration way, etc, we need to conduct a research comprisable of inner space of fortress. As Wolseong and Myeonghwalseong functioned as royal palace in Silla Dynasty, it'll be possible to research about ponds, Nu-Jeong(樓亭), drainage facilities, oddly shaped stones, moundings, pavements, circulation systems, planting traces, etc. For this, we need to research and study through comparison with cases of China, Japan and Goguryeo of the same age. Secondly, applying garden archaeological way is possible to translate objectively regarding research of ancient garden with low literature record. But attainable achievement and information will be limited if implementing excavation based on archaeology as excavations so far regarding excavation investigation of Wolseong. The alternative to such problem is participation plan of landscaping field through the foundation of garden archaeology. We might be able to attain many results on landscape architectural level from research, if conducting research and study about Silla capital including Wolseong by applying garden archaeology such as collection of environmental sample and discovery and analysis of remains through aerial photograph, archaeological research, analysis of historical building, surface exploration, excavation technique, analysis of soil and flowerpot, etc. For this, many people majored in landscape architecture need to try and acquire archaeological knowledge. Also, we need to call attention to internal garden archaeology through international academic symposium by inviting global experts in garden archaeology field. I've suggested the study of location of Wolseong and Silla fortress in Gyeongju area, plan research on using and treating trees about the space in and out of fortress and landscape architectural research direction of Wolseong fortress.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.160-173
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• 2012

일본 문화청 소속의 정부조직이었던 나라국립문화재연구소가 국가조직의 행정개혁에 따라 현재의 독립행정법인 나라문화재연구소로 변혁하면서 나타나고 있는 여러가지 상황에 대해서 살펴보고자 한다. 나분켄은 동아시아에서도 잘 알려진 국보 호류지금당벽화의 소실이 문화재 분야의 큰 문제로 부각되면서 종합적이고 학술적인 문화재의 연구 보호 종합기관의 설립 필요성에 의해 만들어진 기관이었다. 연구분야에서 보면 초기에는 역사, 건축, 미술공예, 정원, 유적 등 다양한 분야에서 출발했으나 나라지역의 헤이조큐 유적보존 문제가 주요 이슈로 떠오르면서 매장문화재의 발굴 중심으로 그 역할이 강화되는 변화를 겪에 되었다. 그러나 선사고고학이 아닌 역사고고학이 중심이었기 때문에 건축사나 정원사, 보존과학 등 서로 다른 학문이 융합하여 연구할 수 있는 강점이 강화되어 설립목적은 견지하면서 변모하였다. 독립행정법인으로의 변화는 1999년의 제145차 통상국회에서 "독립행정법인통칙법"이 성립되면서 부터였다. 독립행정법인의 취지는 독립 운영하는 쪽이 효율적인 부분을 분리시켜 법인격을 가진 기관으로 바꾸면서 운영교부금을 주무관청으로부터 받아 사용처를 독자적 재량에 맡기면서 이윤을 올릴 수도 있게 한 것이다. 또한 조직과 인사의 자율성을 보장받는 장점도 있으나 평가시스템이 되입되는 정신적 부담도 공존하게 된다. 즉, 민간 방법의 도입에 따라 국가의 부담을 경감하고자하는 의미가 내재되어있다. 나분켄의 독립행정법인화는 동시에 도쿄문화재연구소의 통합을 수반하게 되었다. 도분켄은 원래 미술공예품을 중심으로한 동산문화재 연구와 보존과학부분에 충실한 조직이었으므로 부동산문화재 중심의 나분켄과 통합에 우려의 목소리가 있었다. 그러나 불행중 다행으로 다카마쓰즈카 고분벽화의 열화문제와 키토라 고분 벽화의 보존문제로 인하여 전무후무한 협업연구가 진행되고 양 연구소의 역량을 결집할 수 있는 계기가 되었다. 결론적으로 말하자면, 독립행정법인화는 매년 예산을 중기계획이나 연도계획과 정합성을 유지하면서 독자적인 판단을 통해 편성하는 등 극히 유연한 대응이 가능하다는 장점을 가지고 있는 반면, 문화재 보존을 위한 연구라는 공공적인 목적을 가진 조직이 정부의 의도대로 독자적으로 이윤을 올리는 사업을 확립하여 국가의 부담을 경감하는 방향으로 나아갈 수 있는가라는 부분에서는 의심할 여지가 남아 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2023

This study analyzes the entirety of Okhojeongdo's content found in the Punggojip, written by Kim Jo-Sun, who created Okhojeong. Through an examination of the literature confirming Okhojeong within the Punggojip, the study compares the existing research with the Okhojeongdo's content. Additionally, it clarifies the relationships between the disciple, the garden, and related historical facts. The results are as follows. First, Kim Jo-Sun, who created Okhojeong, had a strong literary inclination, which made it relatively easy to estimate the original form of the garden, as he expressed detailed content related to the design and management of the garden. Second, the historical dating of the creation of Okhojeong was previously estimated to be around 1815 based on the inscriptions on the Eulhaebyeok. However, it is more appropriate to revise this to 1804, as revealed by Lee Sung-min, who discovered records in Dongseonggyoyeojip, indicating that Kim Jo-Sun purchased the Jang's house. Third, Kim Jo-Sun's literary hobby, as depicted in Punggojip, closely followed Chinese classics. However, the part about creating the garden is supported by factual and garden archaeological records, giving it inherent value. Regarding the expansion of the garden site, it is estimated that the southern boundary of Okhojeong was extended by about half a unit(kan; 間) through a transfer from Kim saeng Saho. Various additions, stone statues, peculiar rocks, ornamental trees, and accompanying elements are found throughout the garden. Particularly noteworthy are the techniques and aesthetics of creating a stone pagoda, and there are mentions of transplanting young pine trees with professional insights. The love for harmony and elegance in the garden is woven throughout the poetry. Additionally, the process of selecting the location for Okhojeong, the understanding of the terrain and topography, the assessment of existing vegetation, the process of cutting down trees and selecting the soil, the construction of houses with tiles and thatched roofs all contribute to demonstrating the comprehensive stages of creating Okhojeong, providing insight into the location and construction process of the Sanbanru pavilion, showcasing the archaeological value of the garden. A follow-up study is needed to excavate more information about the original form of Okhojeong garden through the interpretation of the collections of the literary works of the influential figures introduced in Punggojip in the future.