• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was undertaken to compare ability of frozen-thawed sperm characteristics between two strains (miniature pig and Duroc). The semen was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) thermos bottle. The semen was diluted with same volume extender and added to LEY solution for freezing. The diluted semen was placed in 0.5 ml straws, and freezing was initiated by exposing the straws to liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) vapours for 10 min before placing them into $LN_2$ for cryopreservation. The frozen-semen straw were thawed at 20, 37 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 min, 45 sec and 10 sec within water-bath. The semen sample were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for analysis of sperm ability. Abnormality of spermatozoa in miniature pig was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in Duroc at 0, 9 and 12 h of post-thawing incubation after frozen-thawing. The percentage of F-patterned spermatozoa in miniature pig was significantly (p<0.05) lower, while the percentage of AR (acrosome reacted spermatozoa) pattern was higher in the miniature than in the Duroc. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the viability of spermatozoa thawed at different temperature ($20^{\circ}C\;and\;37^{\circ}C$) between two species, but the viability in miniature pig was higher (p<0.05) than in Duroc when sperm was thawed at $50^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, this study suggest that suitable freezing method for miniature pig semen is required for increasing post-thawing viability and fertilization capacity.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.57-66
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• 2023

Asset valuation of social infrastructure is essential for rational decision-making for efficient management of assets. In addition, it can be an indicator for correctly recognizing assets. In general, Korea applies depreciated replacement cost based on the straight-line method to evaluate asset value, yet this is unsuitable for evaluating actual value because it is depreciated at a constant rate over the useful life period. In order to evaluate the asset value considering the performance of the bridge, the performance index of the bridge is estimated using the Weibull distribution. Using the estimated performance indicators and defect index, a new asset value evaluation method is proposed and compared and analyzed with the existing method. The proposed valuation method can take into account the performance of the bridge, so it is judged to be more objective and reasonable than existing method.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This study examine the relation between small and medium firm's stability and tax avoidance. We use some financial data of small and medium IT firms in KOSDAQ during 2001 to 2009. Following previous research(Desai and Dhamapala 2006), we estimate corporate tax avoidance. And we use quick ratio and current ratio as a short-term stability and equity ratio as a long-term stability. Empirical results follows as. First, It was not significant statistically between short-term stability and corporate tax avoidance. Second, it was significant statistically between the long-term stability and corporate. As corporate tax avoidance increases, the long-term stability(equity ratio) was low. Our analysis provides the empirical evidence between long-term stability and tax avoidance. It offers implications of corporate tax avoidance to small and medium IT firms in KOSDAQ. But this results is difficult generalization because of sample limits.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2019

As the Construction Technology Promotion Act was revised in 2015, the term of Supervision was removed and Construction Management was included instead. The consideration of Construction Management shall be based on the cost plus fee method specified in the Criteria for the Cost of Construction Technology Services of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Nevertheless, it is based on the construction cost ratio in accordance with the Economy and Finance Ministry's Detailed Guidelines for Preparing the 2018 Budget Plan and Fund Management Plan (Manual for Business Type and Item). As a result, it has been expected that Construction Management consideration will be calculated according to a single government standard and that the Criteria will be applied reasonably. In addition, although the change in the Labor Standard Act has a significant effect on the working environment of the construction site, the nature of the construction site is not considered in this Act. Based on these problems, the study suggested that the government should apply a single standard after consultation with the relevant agencies when calculating the consideration for Construction management, that the scope of the Criteria for the Cost of Construction Technology Services should be clear, that the amount of input by the Construction Manager should be considered for the capability of engineers and the number of working days, and that construction characteristics should be considered when determining the number of working days and hours.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

Boar semen can be frozen successfully. However, there is a large variability in the extent of damage boar semen samples experiences during cryopreservation. This experiment was undertaken to find out factors that affect a post-thaw viability of boar spermatozoa. For this purpose, cryodiluents(BF5, LEY, Soejima and M-Soejima), cryoprotectants(glycerol. ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol), pre-freezing method(dryice-pellet, dryice-straw and L$N_2$vapour-st-raw) and total time required for freezing(2. 5, and 7 h) were compared as a factors. To investigate quality of semen during freezing process, motility(%), normal apical ridges(%, NAR), and proportion of living sperm(%) by flow cytometic analysis were assessed after collection, cooled, pre-frozen and post-thawing. Post-thaw motility of semen diluted with M-Soejima was 52.0%, respectively. When heparin, caffeine or heparin＋caffeine was added to 2nd cryodiluent of M-Soejima during freezing process, the highest motility after thawing was shown at the addition of caffeine (2mM), with 61.7$\pm$2.9% of motility. M-Soejima with heparin or caffeine was significantly higher than that of controI(p＜0.05). The result using glycerol(Gly), ethylene glycol(EG), propylene glycol(PG), and their mixture (Gly＋EG and Gly＋PG) as cryoprotectants, the highest motility was shown at the mixture treatment with Gly plus PG. However, the highest proportion of live spermatozoa was shown at Gly＋EG, there was no significantly difference among treatments(p＞0.05). When semen was pre-frozen with three manners(dryice-pellet, dryice-straw, and L$N_2$ vapor-straw), motility(%) of post-thaw spermatozoa was the highest in the L$N_2$ vapor-straw pre-freezing method of M-Soejima cryodiluent with 57.5% of motility, For a simple, economical and timesaving approach to freezing boar semen, total time required for freezing were 2, 5, and 7 hours, post-thaw motility were 43.8, 45.0 and 38.8%, NAR were 19.5, 22.7 and 28.5%, and viability were 20.8, 19.9 and 22.1%, respectively. This data suggests that boar semen diluted with M-Soejima cryodiluent contained caffeine, using mixture of glycerol and propylene glycol or ethylene glycol as cryoprotectants, frozen with 2 hours, can be taken better motility, NAR, and proportion of live spermatozoa.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.135-137
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• 2005

A PC-based automatic system was developed for automatic titration in volatile basic nitrogen analysis by the microdiffusion method. The system used a CCD-type PC camera for the automatic detection of the titration end point. The camera checked whether the green value of a pixel on the red image of titrated solution became greater than the red value. The data from the automatic titration using the system were not significantly different (p>0.05) from those taken by manual titration. The agreement between means of data from manual titration and those from automatic titration was good.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2011

While the crime scene investigation, evidences are found to search with the naked eyes and to use science equipments. Crime evidences, which are used as judgement, have various things: blood, sperm, saliva, hair, fingerprint, fiber, soil, paint, and so on, especially, fingerprints could take through crime scene investigation, and in there, it could distinguish individually. In this case study, sort of leathers: a wallet, a belt, and a sofa, which are needed special identification even thought people experience easily in usual day, are tried many of the identification tests. As a result, using fluorescent magnetic powder method or fluorescent powder method as identification of many leathers is most efficient.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.260-264
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• 1999

A simple and rapid procedure, called FoLT-PCR(Formamide Low Temperature-Polymerase Chain Reaction) was applied to amplifying DNA directly from various forensic biological evidences including human blood, saliva, hair root, or semen without any DNA preparative steps. We added washing step with non-ionic detergent, 1% Triton X-100, and used Taq DNA polymerase instead of Tth DNA polymerase to amplify 3 STR loci and gender allele simultaneouly. Optimal concentration of formamide and annealing temperature were determined empirically to 8%(v/v), and $48^{\circ}C$ respectively. We also compared this method with standard PCR.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to overcome some of the limiting factors that the maxi cryopreservation straw of 5 ml presents in processing boar semen. Cryopreservation of semen samples was conducted in 0.5 ml and 5.0 ml straws at two freezing rates: -140℃ in 8 minutes and 30 seconds (FR-1) and -140℃ in 14 minutes (FR-2). The straws were then thawed and the semen parameters were compared by Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis, and sperm morphology and acrosome status were examined by Coomassie blue staining. The effects of different thawing temperatures and durations were also compared, namely 37℃ for 115 sec, 50℃ for 45 sec, or 70℃ for 25 sec. In general, the FR-1 group showed higher (p<0.05) sperm viability and motility than the FR-2 group in the 5.0 ml straws. Compared to other ranges, thawing at 50℃ for 45 sec showed the highest sperm viability and motility (68.4±3.6% and 69.5±2.2%, p<0.05), suggesting that thawing temperature should be adjusted concurrently with freezing rate. Sperm morphology and acrosome integrity did not significantly differ among the groups (p>0.05). The data obtained in this study suggest that improving the freezing-thawing protocol for one artificial insemination dose straws (5.0 ml) retains the sperm's parameters from 0.5 ml cryopreservation, and is more convenient to handle, which could result in enhanced reproductive performance.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 2008

A new forensic saliva test method using $SALIgAE^{(R)}$ was evaluated in this study. The sensitivity and specificity of $SALIgAE^{(R)}$ were examined and compared to those of other saliva test methods such as agarose gel diffusion method and $Phadebas^{(R)}$ test sheet method. $SALIgAE^{(R)}$ showed high sensitivity and specificity to human saliva in addition to quickness. Moreover modified $SALIgAE^{(R)}$ method was cheap and easy to use in crime scene and DNA laboratory. $SALIgAE^{(R)}$ was very stable at room temperature and had no effect on STR typing.