• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.29-43
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• 2003

This study examined the difference in memories for emotional stimuli. After giving participants the memory task instruction that they should remember the given stimuli, the emotion-induced photographs and the neutral photographs were presented. To minimize the possibility to regulate the expressions of their mood which induced by emotional stimuli and to find out whether the antecedent-focused emotion regulation process would damaged the memory of emotional stimuli in men, participant's memory was measured directly after the presentation of each photograph by free reflection method. Also Sex differences in memories about emotional and neutral stimuli were measured and compared. Women memorized stimuli more than men, and as expected, women remembered more about the emotional stimuli than neutral ones. The analysis of sex difference about central and peripheral features indicated that women remembered central features of emotional stimulus more than those of neutral ones, but that men had no difference between central features of emotional stimuli and those of neutral ones. These results showed that men's damaged memories of emotional stimuli were caused by the antecedent-focused emotion regulation process.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.605-616
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• 2011

The present study examined memory accuracy for faces with positive, negative and neutral emotional expressions to test whether their emotional content can affect visual working memory (VWM) performance. Participants remembered a set of face pictures in which facial expressions of the faces were randomly assigned from pleasant, unpleasant and neutral emotional categories. Participants' task was to report presence or absence of an emotion change in the faces by comparing the remembered set against another set of test faces displayed after a short delay. The change detection accuracies of the pleasant, unpleasant and neutral face conditions were compared under two memory exposure duration of 500ms vs. 1000ms. Under the duration of 500ms, the accuracy in the pleasant condition was higher than both unpleasant and neutral conditions. However the difference disappeared when the duration was extended to 1000ms. The results indicate that a positive facial expression can improve VWM accuracy relative to the negative or positive expressions especially when there is not enough time for forming durable VWM representations.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.61-80
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• 1996

Recent studies on emotion as memory,and effects of emotion on memory were reviewied. The main issues discussed were : memory of emotional events,relation between implicit memory and emotion, and the effect of emotion on autobigraphical memory. The theoretical possibility and implications that emotion is not stored as some lower level node information in semantic network but as some higher level and inclusive information were descussed.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02b
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• pp.475-481
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• 2008

본 연구는 어떤 사건에 대한 예측 정확성 여부와 기억을 회상할 때의 정서 상태가 후견지명 편향 (hindsight bias)에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이에 valence 축에 따라 긍정적 정서와 부정적 정서를 일으키는 두 가지 음악을 제시하고 두 조건에 대하여 기억에 대한 과잉 확신이 얼마나 달라지는가를 분석하였다. 예측 정확성 여부에 대해서는 실험 결과 데이터 중 예측 일치 조건과 불일치 조건으로 나누어 후견지명 편향에 끼치는 영향과 정서와의 상호작용이 있는가를 분석하였다. 사람들은 예측과 반대되는 결과를 접했을 때 결과에 anchoring하여 기억을 회상하려는 편향이 더욱 커졌으며 부정적인 정서보다 긍정적 정서 상태일 때 후견지명 편향이 더욱 커졌음을 밝혔다. 특히 예측과 상이한 결과 피드백을 받고 긍정적 정서 상태일 때 가장 많은 왜곡 현상을 보였으며, 예측 불일치/ 부정적 정서 조건, 예측 일치/ 긍정적 정서 조건, 예측 일치/ 부정적 정서 조건 순으로 후견지명 편향을 보였다. 이 결과는 정서 상태보다 어떤 사건에 대한 예측 정확성 여부가 후견지명 편향에 더 큰 영향을 준다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구의 실험실 상황을 통하여 자기와 관련이 없는 중립적 과제를 통해서도 후견지명 편향이 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 특히 그 동안 거의 이루어지지 않았던 정서와 후견지명 편향의 관계를 밝히고, 기존의 예측 정확성에 따른 편향을 설명하는 모델간 논쟁이 많았으나 실험 결과가 motivational model을 지지함을 밝혔음에 의의가 있다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.387-408
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• 2010

This study examined the effects of emotional content on the encoding process of emotional stimuli and the effects of emotional context on those of neutral stimuli. It was examined whether the superior memory of emotional stimuli is due to attentional resource allocation. This study were performed an emotional picture and a neutral word were presented in succession at every trials. The results of recognition judgement showed superior memory of emotional pictures than neutral pictures, but showed poorer memory of neutral words in emotional context than those in neutral context. LPC(Late Positive Complex) of ERP results showed the similar pattern: higher amplitude by emotional pictures than neutral pictures, and lower amplitude by neutral words in emotional context than those in neutral context. This result is considered to support attention allocation hypothesis.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.151-164
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• 2018

The appropriate interpretation of social cues is a crucial ability for everyday life. While processing socially relevant information, beyond the low-level physical features of the stimuli to emotional information is known to influence human cognition in various stages, from early perception to later high-level cognition, such as working memory (WM). However, it remains unclear how the influence of each type of emotional information on cognitive processes changes in response to what has occurred in the processing stage. Past studies have largely adopted face stimuli to address this type of research question, but we used a unique class of socially relevant motion stimuli, called biological motion (BM), which depicts various human actions and emotions with moving dots to exhibit the effects of anger, happiness, and neutral emotion on task performance in perceptual and working memory. In this study, participants determined whether two BM stimuli, sequentially presented with a delay between them (WM task) or one immediately after the other (perceptual task), were identical. The perceptual task showed that discrimination accuracies for emotional stimuli (i.e., angry and happy) were lower than those for neutral stimuli, implying that emotional information has a negative impact on early perceptual processes. Alternatively, the results of the WM task showed that the accuracy drop as the interstimulus interval increased was actually lower in emotional BM conditions than in the neutral condition, which suggests that emotional information benefited maintenance. Moreover, anger and happiness had distinct impacts on the performance of perception and WM. Our findings have significance as we provide evidence for the interaction of type of emotion and information-processing stage.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-59
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• 2018

To elucidate the effect of working memory (WM) load on negative facial emotion processing, we examined ERP components (P1 and N170) elicited by fearful and neutral expressions each of which was presented during 0-back (low-WM load) or 2-back (high-WM load) tasks. During N-back tasks, visual objects were presented one by one as targets and each of facial expressions was presented as a passively observed stimulus during intervals between targets. Behavioral results showed more accurate and fast responses at low-WM load condition compared to high-WM load condition. Analysis of mean amplitudes of P1 on the occipital region showed significant WM load effect (high-WM load > low-WM load) but showed nonsignificant facial emotion effect. Analysis of mean amplitudes of N170 on the posterior occipito-temporal region showed significant overall facial emotion effect (fearful > neutral), but, in detail, significant facial emotion effect was observed only at low-WM load condition on the left hemisphere, but was observed at high-WM load condition as well as low-WM load condition on the right hemisphere. To summarize, facial emotion effect observed by N170 amplitudes was modulated by WM load only on the left hemisphere. These results show that early emotional processing of negative facial expression could be eliminated or reduced by high load of WM on the left hemisphere, but could not be eliminated by high load on the right hemisphere, and suggest right hemispheric lateralization of negative facial emotion processing.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.385-416
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• 2014

In this study, memory for emotional words was compared between extraverts and introverts, employing signal detection analysis to distinguish differences in discriminative memory and response bias. Subjects were presented with a study list of emotional words in an encoding session, followed by a recognition session. Effects of task difficulty were examined by varying the nature of the encoding task and the intervals between study and test. For an easy task, with a retention interval of 5 minutes (Study I), introverts exhibited better memory (i.e., higher d') than extraverts, particularly for low-frequency words, and response biases did not differ between these two groups. For a difficult task, with a one-month retention period (Study II), performance was poor overall, and only high-frequency words were remembered; also extraverts adopted a more liberal criterion for 'old' responses (i.e., more hits and more false alarms) for positive emotional-valence words. These results suggest that as task difficulty drives down performance, effects of internal control processes become more apparent, revealing differences in response biases for positive words between extraverts and introverts. These results show that extraversion can distort memory performance for words, depending on their emotional valence.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.343-365
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of various individual differences on children's memory of a stressful experience. The participants for the current study were children (N=85) aged 4-9 years those who experienced a naturally occurring stressful experience from a dental procedure. There was overall negative relation between the level of stress and children's memory performance. However, more interestingly, the results of this study provided some further evidence that several cognitive (i.e., receptive language ability and working memory capacity) and emotional (i.e., children's general anxiety condition, children's self-report of pain and anxiety about the event) individual difference factors were associated with variations in children's remembering across ages. The results suggest that the relation between stress and children's memory might be impacted in part by children's various individual characteristics. Furthermore, the findings are discussed in the applied context that based on the results clinical and legal professionals can tailor interviews to best meet children's needs and capabilities, and create developmentally and individually sensitive guidelines for interviewing children in the legal system.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-29
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• 1998

This literature review explores the possibilities for the automatic processing to account for the people's responses to emotional stimuli. The most fundamental question is if some parts of emotions are experienced without any intrusion of cognitions. In other words. can emotions be processed completely implicitly$\ulcorner$ Some studies advocate emotion related processes are much more immediate and primary than semantic processes. The phenomena to catch up the emotive values of stimuli even subliminally suggest that the implicit knowledge structure takes charge of this automatic processes of emotional information. This study summarizes the explanatory scheme of emotional processing by means of applying implicit memory principle and physiological evidences related to e emotional memories.