Browse > Article

Extraversion and Recognition for Emotional Words: Effects of Valence, Frequency, and Task-difficulty  

Kang, Eunjoo (Department of Psychology, Kangwon National University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Cognitive Science / v.25, no.4, 2014 , pp. 385-416 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this study, memory for emotional words was compared between extraverts and introverts, employing signal detection analysis to distinguish differences in discriminative memory and response bias. Subjects were presented with a study list of emotional words in an encoding session, followed by a recognition session. Effects of task difficulty were examined by varying the nature of the encoding task and the intervals between study and test. For an easy task, with a retention interval of 5 minutes (Study I), introverts exhibited better memory (i.e., higher d') than extraverts, particularly for low-frequency words, and response biases did not differ between these two groups. For a difficult task, with a one-month retention period (Study II), performance was poor overall, and only high-frequency words were remembered; also extraverts adopted a more liberal criterion for 'old' responses (i.e., more hits and more false alarms) for positive emotional-valence words. These results suggest that as task difficulty drives down performance, effects of internal control processes become more apparent, revealing differences in response biases for positive words between extraverts and introverts. These results show that extraversion can distort memory performance for words, depending on their emotional valence.
Keywords
extraversion; recognition; emotion; word; response bias;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Amin, Z., Constable, R. T., & Canli, T. (2004). Attentional bias for valenced stimuli as a function of personality in the dot-probe task. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(1), 15-23.   DOI
2 Barrett, L. F. (1997). The Relationships Among Momentary Emotion Experiences, Personality Descriptions, and Retrospective Ratings of Emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(10), 1100.   DOI
3 Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (1994). Mood and personality in recall of positive and negative information. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32(1), 137-141.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Kang, E., Gross, J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001). An fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115(1), 33-42.   DOI
7 Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. (1977). Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(1), 38-48.   DOI
8 Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1995). Personality and reinforcement in associative and instrumental learning. Pers Individ Dif, 19(1), 47-71.   DOI
9 Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668-678.   DOI
10 Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (1994). Temperament and attention: orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 1128-1139.   DOI
11 Dewhurst, S. A., Holmes, S. J., Brandt, K. R., & Dean, G. M. (2006). Measuring the speed of the conscious components of recognition memory: Remembering is faster than knowing. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(1), 147-162.   DOI
12 Dolcos, F., Iordan, A. D., & Dolcos, S. (2011). Neural correlates of emotion-cognition interactions: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(6), 669-694.   DOI
13 Dougal, S., & Rotello, C. M. (2007). "Remembering" emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14(3), 423-429.   DOI
14 Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66(3), 183.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Eldridge, L. L., Sarfatti, S., & Knowlton, B. J. (2002). The effect of testing procedure on remember-know judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9(1), 139-145.   DOI
16 Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality (Vol. 689): Transaction publishers.
17 Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. (1967). On the unitary nature of extraversion. Acta Psychol (Amst), 26(4), 383-390.   DOI
18 Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & cognition, 16(4), 309-313.   DOI
19 Gillespie, C. R., & Eysenck, M. W. (1980). Effects of introversion?extraversion on continuous recognition memory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 15(4), 233-235.   DOI
20 Glanzer, M., & Adams, J. K. (1985). The mirror effect in recognition memory. Memory & cognition, 13(1), 8-20.   DOI
21 Glanzer, M., & Bowles, N. (1976). Analysis of the word-frequency effect in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 21-31. Gomez, R., Gomez, A., & Cooper, A. (2002). Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of negative and positive emotional information processing: Comparing Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories. European journal of personality, 16(5), 333-350.   DOI
22 Gorman, A. M. (1961). Recognition memory for nouns as a function of abstractness and frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 23-29.   DOI
23 Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behavioral research and therapy, 8(3), 249-266.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Guttentag, R. E., & Carroll, D. (1997). Recollection-Based Recognition: Word Frequency Effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(4), 502-516.   DOI
25 Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Miyakawa, A., Knight, R. T., & D'Esposito, M. (2008). The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning. Neuropsychologia, 46(11), 2709-2724.   DOI
26 Kang, B. M., & Kim, H. K. (2004). Frequency Analysis of Korean Morpheme and Word Usage 2, Seoul: Institute of Korean Culture, Korea University.
27 Kantner, J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2012). Response bias in recognition memory as a cognitive trait. Memory & cognition, 40(8), 1163-1177.   DOI
28 Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & cognition, 31(8), 1169-1180.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Kim, D. H., & Sohn, Y. W. (2006). The Effect of personality traits on confidence Level and response bias in flight situation awareness. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 19(1), 85-104.
30 Kinoshita, S. (1955). The word frequency effect in recognition memory versus repetition priming. Memory & cognition, 23, 569-580.
31 Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1989). Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(12), 1221-1228.   DOI
32 Lucas, R. E., & Baird, B. M. (2004). Extraversion and Emotional Reactivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(3), 473-485.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 MacLeod, C. M., & Kampe, K. E. (1996). Word frequency effects on recall, recognition, and word fragment completion tests. Journal of Experimental Psycholgy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(1), 132-142.   DOI
34 Matthews, G., & Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: A comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(4), 583-626. Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. The psychology of learning and motivation, 26, 125-141.   DOI
35 Robinson, M. D., Moeller, S. K., & Ode, S. (2010). Extraversion and reward-related processing: probing incentive motivation in affective priming tasks. Emotion, 10(5), 615-626.   DOI
36 Rusting, C. L. (1998). Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: three conceptual frameworks. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 165-196.   DOI
37 Rusting, C. L. (1999). Interactive effects of personality and mood on emotion-congruent memory and judgment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 77(5), 1073-1086.   DOI
38 Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1998). Personality and cognitive processing of affective information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(2), 200-213.   DOI
39 Schaefer, P. S., Williams, C. C., Goodie, A. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2004). Overconfidence and the big five. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(5), 473-480.   DOI
40 Sharot, T., & Phelps, E. A. (2004). How arousal modulates memory: Disentangling the effects of attention and retention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(3), 294-306.
41 Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, 31(1), 137-149.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1.   DOI
43 Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of comparative neurology and psychology, 18(5), 459-482.   DOI
44 Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441-517.   DOI
45 Zinbarg, R., & Revelle, W. (1989). Personality and Conditioning: A Test of Four Models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 301-314.   DOI