• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1409-1414
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• 2013

Lymph node (LN) is the sites where mature lymphocytes become stimulated to respond to invading pathogens in the body. Lymphocytes screen the surfaces of pathogen-carrying antigen-presenting cells for cognate antigens, while moving along stromal structural back bone. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) is stromal cell forming the 3 dimensional structure networks of the T cell rich zones in LN, and provide a guidance path for immigrating T lymphocytes. In these cooperative environments, the cell to cell bidirectional interactions between FRC and T cells in LN are therefore essential to the normal functioning of these tissues. Not only do FRCs physically construct LN architecture but they are essential for regulating T cell biology within these domains. FRC interact closely with T lymphocytes, is providing scaffolds, secreting soluble factors including cytokine in which FRCs influence T cell immune response. More recently, FRC have been found to induce peripheral T cell tolerance and regulate the extent to which newly activated T cells proliferate within LN. Thus, FRC-T cell crosstalk has important consequences for regulating immune cell function within LN. In addition, FRC have profound effects on innate immune response by secreting anti-microbial peptides and complement, etc in the inflammatory milieu. In summary, we propose a model in which FRC engage in a bidirectional touch to increase the T cell biological efficiency between FRC and T cells. This collaborative feedback loop may help to maintain tissue function during inflammation response.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2015

'Tight junctions (TJ)' have recently been identified in the granular cell layer of the human epidermis, where they contribute to the normal adhesion between keratinocytes and to the physiologic barrier function of the epidermis. Among the TJ proteins in the epidermis, occludin is an important transmembrane protein, which is considered as a major component. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether regional variation exists in the expression of the tight junction protein occludin in normal human epidermis. Indirect immunofluorescence staining for occludin was performed with specimens taken from different areas of normal skin (4 from each of 7 different anatomical sites, including the scalp, face, posterior neck, upper arm, abdomen, lower back, and inner thigh). The degrees of the expression-intensity in each specimen were estimated with the reciprocals of positive end-point titer of occludin in an indirect immunofluorescence study. The highest degree expression-intensity of the TJ protein occludin among the different areas of normal epidermis was observed on the face and abdomen with a titer of 600 (p=0.001). The lowest intensity of expression of occludin was seen in the epidermis from the upper arm. Skin specimens from the scalp, neck, back, and leg demonstrated intermediate degrees of the expression in intensity. The expression of occludin in the skin samples obtained from different locations of the body showed a statistically significant variation. This suggests that there is a certain degree of regional variation in the expression-intensity of TJ protein 'occludin' in the human epidermis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.544-550
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• 1992

This study was investigated on the antitumor effects of protein-polysaccharide fraction(PPF) extracted from seaweeds such as sea-lettuce and gonpi toward sarcoma-180 cells. In the PPF extracted from these seaweeds, the polysaccharide contents of sea-lettrce and gonpi were 52.20% and 48.16%, respectively. The highest levels of constituents monosaccharides found in seaweeds was fructose. The major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and cystein. The solid tumor growth inhibition showed the highest level of 64.55% when 50mg/kg sea-lettuce was administerated. The life prolongation effect was 18.31% at 50mg/kg of gonpi. In the effects of immunologic activity, when 50mg/kg sea-lettuce was administrated, the number of circulating leucocyte showed the highest level (65.11%). The number of total peritoneal exudate cells of the sea-lettuce administerated group was increased significantly in comparison with the control group. The hematological analysis of the experimental group was similar with that of the control group.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 2008

Infection of Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) gives rise to a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations in children. Although renal involvement is rare, diverse renal manifestations are known from hematuria to acute renal failure. Secondary membranous nephropathy(MN) associated with systemic EBV infection is an uncommon renal pathology and only two cases have been reported. We are adding another case of MN associated with EBV infection in a child. An 8-year-old girl was admitted for renal biopsy. She had been followed up for microscopic hematuria and intermittent proteinuria for 5 months. There had been no specific findings in serology and radiology. Tonsil biopsy had been done due to exudative tonsillar hypertrophy and enlarged multiple cervical lymph nodes. And it showed EBV-associated lymphoproliferative findings. Serologic tests for EBV showed positive evidence of recent infection; viral capsid antigen(VCA) IgM was borderline positive, VCA IgG and early antigen IgG were positive, and EB nuclear antigen IgG was negative. In Situ Hybridization of tonsil for EBV mRNA was positive. Because her proteinuria and hematuria were aggravated at that time(protein 3 +, RBC >60/HPF), renal biopsy was done. Renal biopsy showed the findings of MN, characterized by thickened capillary walls with epimembranous spikes on light microscopy and subepithelial, mesangial and subendothelial electron dense deposits on electron microscopy. On immunofluorescence microscopy, IgG, C1q, kappa and lambda chains were positive. After steroid administration, proteinuria and hematuria resolved gradually within 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.345-352
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• 1990

This study was investigated on the antitumor of protein-polysaccharide fraction(PPF) extracted from seaweeds such as sea-staghorn and laver toward sarcoma-180 cells. In the PPF extracted from these sewaweeds, the polysaccharide contents of sea-staghorn and laver were $62.26\%$ and $65.78\%$, respectively. The highest levels of polysaccharides found in seaweeds was fructose. The major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and cystein. The solid tumor growth inhibition showed the highest level of $53.30\%$ when 50mg/kg sea-staghorn was administrated. The life prolongation effect was $17.35\%$ at 50 mg/kg of laver. In the effects of immunologic activity, when 100mg/kg sea-staghorn was administrated, the number of circulating leucocyte showed the highest level of $82.23\%$ but decreased leucocyte for prolonged times. The number of total peritoneal exudate cells of the sea-staghorn administerated group was increased significantly in comparison with the control group. The hematobiolgoical analysis of the experimental group was similar with that of the control group. This experiments indicated that hemeastasis still maintained nor-mal state and not showed any harmful effects in normal mice.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.651-656
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• 2002

Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, otherwise known as Job's syndrome, is an immune disorder characterized by an abnormal elevation of the circulating immunoglobulin E level, and recurrent infections of the skin and sinopulmonary tract. The syndrome has various pulmonary features, e.g., pneumonia, pneumatocele, pneumothorax, lung abscesses and empyema. We report a case of hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, with various respiratory clinical manifestation. Medical therapy, including prophylactic antibiotics, has been the cornerstone for the treatment of hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Even if surgical intervention is required, minimal pulmonary parenchymal resection is recommended.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2001

Phellinus linteus (PL)-hot water extract (PL-W) or- methanol extract (PL-M) was orally administered alone (single dose of 400, 800, 1600 mg/kg; 800 mg/kg/day for 5 days) or with cyclophosphamide (CY, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) to female ICR mice. Within PL alone-treated group, WBC and plaque forming cells (PFC) to SRBC were slightly and significantly enhanced when compared with control group. The relative thymus and spleen weights, WBC and PFC numbers were significantly decreased by the treatment of CY, whereas those values were markedly increased by the concomitant treatment of CY and PL when compared with CY administration alone. To assess the effects of PL and/or CY on the mitogen response of splenocytes io LPS, mouse splenocytes were stimulated with or without LPS in the presence of various concentration of PL and/or CY in vitro and splenocytes proliferation (SP) was measured by MTT assay. PL alone increased both SP and LPS- stimulated SP. Moreover, SP and LPS-induced SP suppressed by the treatment of CY alone were significantly restored by PL-treatment. These activities were higher by PL-M than by PL-W, These results indicated that PL was able to increase humoral immunity and to inhibit immunotoxicity induced by CY.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.64-67
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• 1996

Aberrant migration of thymic tissue occurs as an ectopic thymus in the mediastinum, base of skull, tracheal bifurcation, and cervical region. A recent review of the literature by Nowak et al. showed over 70 reported cases of aberrant thymus or thymic cyst in patients who presented with primary neck masses. Authors experienced a case of ectopic cervical thymus and reviewed the literature. A one-year-old boy with left neck swelling which had been noticed since one month of age visited out patient clinic. Ultrasonography showed a well-defined cystic mass containing homogeneous, low-echogenic content locating in the lateral aspect of the left carotid sheath. Operation was performed under the impression of branchial cleft cyst. At surgery, a multiseptated, well-encapsulated, brownish and doughy mass which was extending into the vicinity of the carotid bifurcation with sland stalk-like portion ending between the hypoglossal nerve and external carotid artery was excised completely. The cut-surface showed homogenous solid mass, and on frozen section the tissue revealed a normal thymic histology. Postoperative ultrasonography showed bilateral thymus in the superior mediastinum. The patient has no immunologic problem and is doing well now.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.455-462
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• 2023

During pregnancy, maternal immune activation (MIA) from infection increases the risk of neurodevelopmental diseases, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. MIA induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in animal experiments has led to offspring with abnormal behaviors and brain development. In addition, it has recently been reported that microglia, which reside in the brain and function as immune cells, play an important role in behavioral abnormalities and brain development in MIA-induced offspring. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether microglia-specific inhibition of GPR56, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, causes behavioral abnormalities in brain development. First, MIA induction did not affect the microglia population, but when examining the expression of microglial GRP56 in MIA-induced fetuses, GPR56 expression was inhibited between embryonic days 14.5 (E14.5) and E18.5 regardless of sex. Furthermore, microglial GPR56-suppressed mice showed abnormal behaviors in the MIA-induced offspring, including sociability deficits, repetitive behavioral patterns, and increased anxiety levels. Although abnormal cortical development such as that in the MIA-induced offspring were not observed in the microglial GPR56-suppressed mice, their brain activity was observed through c-fos staining. These results suggest that microglia-specific GPR56 deficiency may cause abnormal behaviors and could be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and/or as a therapeutic target of behavioral deficits in MIA offspring.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 2016

Ulmi cortex is the elm bark or root bark of Ulmus macrocarpa Hance and has been used as an ingredient of traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cancer and wound healing on both the East and the West. This study investigated whether the Ulmus macrocarpa Hance Water extract (UMWE) has the in vivo and in vitro immune activating effect. Animals were orally administrated for 14 days as follows: no treat group with distilled water, cyclophosphamide (CY) group with 120 mg/kg of CY, UMWE 100+CY group with 100 mg/kg of UMWE and 120 mg/kg of CY, UMWE 200+CY group with 200 mg/kg of UMWE and 120 mg/kg of CY, UMWE 100 group with 100 mg/kg of UMWE and UMWE 200 group with 200 mg/kg of UMWE. The immunosuppressive drug CY was intraperitoneally injected to induce immune suppression. Spleen indices showed small changes in CY injected groups but splenocyte indices showed greater decrease in the same groups. However, UMWE appeared to relieve CY’s immunosuppression. UMWE also delayed in vitro splenocyte death increasing its longevity. These data obtained by MTT assay and 7-amino-actinomycin D which stains preferentially dead than live cells. UMWE alone did not show cytotoxicity based on its apoptototic effect on splenocytes in vitro and in vivo. Splenic NK cell activity was maintained by UMWE under the presence of CY in vitro. The data indicated that UMWE protects splenocytes from the immunosuppressive drug CY under in vitro and in vivo conditions.