• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.120-141
• /
• 2015

This paper is a preliminary study of architectural characteristics of Jangdae (general's podium), which shows one of the technical changes in fortification of Joseon Dynasty. As a facility for commands of generals and training for officers and men, it was located inside a fortress. Although it is not certain when the first Jangdae was built, the number of them dramatically increased around 18th century. Since the top priority function of the Jangdae was the prospect, it was installed at the hilly spot with open architecture. In addition, the open structure of Eupseong fortress towers on the riverside banks could simultaneously offer the functions as viewing around and Jangdae. Since Jangdae was also a place for military drills and reviews of soldiers, a wide podium was positioned at the front to muster the soldiers. This feature was standardized in the space organization of Jangdae in Joseon, and a mere podium was installed unless the topographic restrictions allows enough space. On the other hand, as a place for a commander, the hierarchy of the Jangdae was revealed through a variety of architectural characteristics. The hierarchy was assigned to the commander's space through the altitude difference, and diverse ornaments were added to show a sense of class. The floor plan of the Jangdae building can be largely categorized into rectangle and square, and the typical sizes of the former are $5{\times}4$ Kans (traditional measuring unit between two columns) and $3{\times}2$ Kans. Out of these two types, buildings of $5{\times}4$ Kans were found in flat land and eupseong fortresses with large space, and the relatively smaller ones of $3{\times}2$ Kans in mountain fortresses. All buildings of square floor plan had $3{\times}3$ Kans style, and the center Kan was twice wider than the side Kan to make the central space wide. It seems that the purpose was to secure the interior space of the upper story because the center Kan accounts for the floor area of the upper story. Some Jangdae's had internal story to form overhead space. The multi-roofed tower style with eaves attached to the upper and lower story is found exclusively in Jangdae. The buildings shows the Onkanmulim style which extends Naejinju (inner column) of the lower story to be the Byeonju (outer column) of the upper story, and the log-framed floor in the upper floor was structured by inserting the Changbang (connecting beam) between the Naejinju's and joining the log frames. In addition, the towers in eupseong fortresses had log-framed floor in the upper floor by setting up the high Nuhaju (column underneath a roof) and joining Cheongbang to the upper part of the column while it cannot be regarded as multi-roofed because only the upper part has a roof.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.384-392
• /
• 1997

Potassium lithium niobate(KLN) single crystal for a nonlinear-optic material, which changes the wavelength of lasers, has a ferroelectric tetragonal tungsten bronze structure at room temperature. It has been very hard to get single crystals of good quality due to the cracks during cooling process. In order to investigate the composition change due to the evaporation of solution during the growth, the thermogravimetric analysis was carried out. In atmospheric condition at $1000^{\circ}C$ which is about $10^{\circ}C$ higher than the crystal growing temperature, the weight change was negligible amount of $1.46{\times}10^{-5}$g/($\textrm{cm}^2$hr). By using both the Pt plate as the nucleation site and the slow cooling method with temperature fluctuation, KLN single crystal of good quality of size 1 cm could be obtained. The phase transition temperature was $490^{\circ}C$, which was higher than that reported by other researchers of the other composition. The optical anisotropy due to the absorption of OH-band exists in the range of IR.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.40 no.6
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2003

In this paper, we propose a new submesh allocation scheme which improves the performance of multicomputer systems. The key idea of this allocation scheme is to reduce waiting time of task by minimizing the submesh search time and the submesh a]location delay caused by external fragmentation. This scheme reduces the submesh search time by classifying independent free submeshes according to their types (square, horizontal rectangle, vertical rectangle) and searching a best-fit submesh from the classified free submesh list. If a submesh allocation delay occurs due to external fragmentation, the proposed scheme relocates tasks, executing In allocated submeshes, to another free submeshes and compacts processor fragmentation. This results in reducing the submesh allocation delay. Through simulation, we show that it is more effective to reduce the submesh allocation delay due to external fragmentation than reducing the submesh search time with respect to the waiting time of task. We also show that the proposed strategy improves the performance compared to previous strategies.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.1154-1166
• /
• 1991

Optical flow is important not only for determining velocity and trajectory of the object but also for image segmentation and three dimensional information. In this paper an algorithm for segmentation of the optical flow field is presented. This method is based on a pyramid linking method combined with the proposed models. In this method each node contained a model of the flow in the region that it represented regions were combined by taking the model that best fit the union of the two regions. Each node linked to one of its fathers based on the error between the pixels represented by the node and the father's model of its flow. A major problem which has emerged in conventional researchs on optical flow field is sensitive to noise the proposed method is relatively insensitive to noise at the result of computer simulation the pyramid algorithm proposed in this paper seem to have useful properties.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
• /
• v.10A no.6
• /
• pp.643-650
• /
• 2003

This paper presents a new submesh allocation scheme for mesh-connected multicomputer systems. The key idea in the proposed allocation scheme is to reduce the submesh search time using classified free submesh lists (CFSL). This scheme reduces the submesh search time by classifying independent free submeshes according to their types (square, horizontal rectangle, vertical rectangle) and searching the best-fit submesh from the classified free submesh list. When no suitable submesh is found, the search can be continued by using the expansion index (El), which is stored as an attribute of each submesh, is used to form a larger submesh. Through simulation, we show that the proposed strategy improves the performance compared to previous strategies with respect to submesh search time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2003

Bovine pericardium fixed in glutaraldehyde solution (GA) has been one of the most popular surgical bioprosthesis, however, late calcific degeneration after implantation remains to be solved. To mitigate calcific degeneration, we posttreated the bovine pericardium with amino acids after GA fixation. Material and Method: 40 small pieces of bovine pericardia were fixed in 0.625% GA solution with 4 g/L $MgCl_26H_2O$as a control group (group 1). 40 pieces fixed in the same GA solution were posttreated with 2% chitosan solution (group 2) and the other 40 pieces posttreated with 8% glutamate (group 3). These were implanted into the belly of forty Fisher 344 rats subdermally and extracted at f month, 2 months, 3 months and 4 months after implantation. Result: With atomic absorption spectrophotometry we measured the deposited calcium amount and the results were as follows; 2.01 $\pm$0.13 mg/g in group 1, 2.34$\pm$0.73 mg/g in group 2, 2.49$\pm$0.15 mg/g in group 3 at 1 month after implantation, and 3.57$\pm$0.15 mg/g in group 1, 3.52$\pm$0.92 mg/g in group 2, 3.46$\pm$0.12 mg/g in group 3 at the second month. But 5.45$\pm$0.42 mg/g in group 1, 3.22 $\pm$1.31 mg/g in group 2 and 4.20$\pm$0.55 mg/g in group 3 at the 3rd month, which have statistical significance in group 2 (p<0.05). Finally at 4th month, 6.01$\pm$1.21 mg/g in group 1, 3.78$\pm$1.82 mg/g in group 2, 3.92$\pm$0.92 mg/g in group 3, which also have statistical significance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This means posttreatment with 2% chitosan shows meaningful calcium mitigation effects after 3rd month on subcutaneously implanted bovine pericardium in the rat models but 8% glutamate shows mitigation effect after 4months in this experiment.

• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
• /
• v.100
• /
• pp.22-49
• /
• 2021

Bowonsa Temple (普願寺) is located to the north of Gayasan Mountain in Unsan-myeon, Seosan-si, Chungcheongnam-do Province. The cultural properties it enshrines were produced during the late Unified Silla and early Goryeo periods, and include an Iron Seated Buddha. The Japanese Government-General of Korea Museum planned a survey on historical remains in Chungcheongnam-do Province during the early Japanese colonial era, and a field survey was conducted at the Bowonsa Temple site in 1916 (Taishō 5). During this survey, the sculpture of the Iron Seated Buddha (knee: width 212 cm x thickness 167 cm) was found enshrined in a hut. The sculpture was moved to Gyeongbokgung Palace in the following year. However, it is clear that the colossal Iron Seated Buddha was being housed at the Bowonsa Temple site at the start of the Japanese colonial era. This Iron Seated Buddha is presumed to have been produced in 955 by State Preceptor Beopin Tanmun (法印國師 坦文, 900-975). Tanmun was born into an influential family that produced many high officials. He became a leading figure in the Hwaeom (Flower Garland) school of Buddhism under the patronage of King Taejo. He also led Buddhist events at the Goryeo royal court during the reigns of King Hyejong (惠宗, r. 943-945) and King Jeongjong (定宗, r. 945-949). With the emergence of Gyunyeo (均如, 923-973), who was sponsored by Queen Daemok (大穆王后, dates unknown) of the Hwangbo clan (皇甫氏), Tanmun was transferred to Bowonsa Temple far from Kaesong. However, even while there Tanmun strengthened his ties with his supporters under the patronage of the Chungju Yu clan. He appears to have produced this colossal sculpture of Iron Seated Buddha as a prayer for longevity and a happy life for King Gwangjong (光宗, r. 949-975). The inscription on the Stele of State Preceptor Beopin at Bowonsa Temple Site that reads "[I] created a Buddha triad in gold" also suggests the Iron Seated Buddha was produced at Bowonsa Temple. This Iron Seated Buddha is thought to have been enshrined originally in a hall at Building Site No. 3 within the Bowonsa Temple precinct. Since excavations at the temple site have revealed that the temple's main hall was erected in the Joseon period, the Iron Seated Buddha might have been enshrined in a different hall at the time of its creation. It is likely that the sculpture was placed in a hall at Building Site No. 3 since Goryeo-era roof tiles and porcelain have been frequently excavated there and the remains of a square Buddhist altar have survived at the site. At the time of its creation, the Iron Seated Buddha was likely enshrined in a Goryeo-era hall at Building Site No. 3 but was transferred to the main hall during a rebuilding project undertaken at Bowonsa Temple in the Joseon period.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.75-113
• /
• 1982

Studies were carried out 1) to define the shape and size of sampling quadrat and its number of observations for weed experiments, 2) to characterize the growth and community of major summer weeds under upland condition and 3) to investigate the factors influencing competition between weeds and soybeans under weed-free and weedy conditions in early and late season cultures. No significant difference was noted among different shapes of quadrat (regular, rectangular, band, and circular) in the sampling efficiency of weeds. The results also suggested that the minimum size of quadrat was 0.25$m^2$ and the minimum number of replication was 2 times per plot. The major dominant weeds were about 10 species in the experimental field and the total number of weeds was in the range of 70 - 1,600 plants per $m^2$. Among the weeds Digitaria sanguinalis and Portulaca oleracea were the most dominant species. Growth amount and reproduction capability were also measured by weed species. Five different weed communities were identified in the field. The degree of dispersion by weed species and association among weeds were investigated. Intra-(within soybeans) and inter-specific (between soybeans and weeds) competition were studied in early and late season cultures of soybeans. The average yield of soybeans per plant was significantly decreased in both season cultures due to intra-specific competition as the planting density of soybeans increased, On the other hand, the average yield of soybeans per l0a was proportionally increased to the increase of planting density and the rate of its increase was more significant under weedy than weed-free condition. Most of the agronomic characteristics of soybeans were affected by weeds and its degree was greater in sparse planting than in dense planting and in early season than in late-season culture. Digitaria sanguinalis was the most competitive to soybeans in early season and both of Digitaria sanguinalis and Portulaca oleracea affected primarily the growth of soybeans in late season with about the same competitiveness. The occurrence of weeds was significantly decreased in early season and slightly decreased in late-season by dense planting of soybeans. The total growth amount of weeds was also considerably decreased by increase of soybean planting density both in early- and late-season cultures. The occurrence of Digitaria sanguinalis which was the most dominant in both seasons, and its growth amount was significantly decreased as the planting density of soybean was increased. On the other hand, the occurrence of Portulaca oleracea which was only dominant in late-season culture did not show significant response to the planting density of soybeans.