• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2016

Root-dipping inoculation method has been used to investigate resistance of radish plants to Fusarium wilt. However, the method requires a lot of labor and time because of complicate procedure. This study was conducted to establish a simple and effective mass-screening method for resistant radish to Fusarium wilt. Radish seedlings of susceptible and resistant cultivars were used to investigate wounding method by scalpel, inoculum concentration, and pathogen-inoculated growth stage of seedlings. We established an efficient mass-screening method based on our results as following: Roots of 14-day-old seedlings of radish are cut with a scalpel at a $90^{\circ}$ angle to a 2 cm-depth at a 1 cm-distance from main stem and then inoculated by pouring with a 10 ml-aliquot of a fungal spore suspension ($1.0{\times}10^7conidia/ml$) on soil. The inoculated plants are cultivated in a growth room at $25^{\circ}C$ for about 4 weeks with 12-hour light a day. The proposed screening method enables to effectively select resistant from mass radish plants cultivars to Fusarium wilt.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2002

Purpose : To investigate the feature of the range of measles in 2000, we studied epidemics of the measles in western Kyungnam District. Methods : Among 489 patients under 15 years of age who visited or were admitted to in our hospital from January to December in 2000, we selected 344 patients whose measles IgM antibody was positive. We investigated age, monthly incidence, clinical features, vaccination history, and measles IgG antibody. Results : Patients under 12 months of age occupied the largest proportion(36.9%). Patients firstly occurred in May and geometrically increased from October. Fever, cough and rashes were observed in all patients but conjunctivitis in 54.9%, Koplik spot in 23.8%. The first vaccination ratio was 41.8%. Compared with the number of patients and the first vaccination ratio, the first vaccination ratio was the lowest under 12 months of age. After that age group, the number of patients was decreased as the first vaccination ratio was increased. Among 152 patients sampled for measles IgG antibody, 35 patients had received the first vaccination and 6 patients had received the second vaccination. Among 35 patients who received the first vaccination, 22(62.9%) patients were negative of measles IgG antibody. Among 6 patients who received the second vaccination, 3(50%) patients were negative. Conclusions : Measles patients under 12 months still dominated. Therefore, routine vaccination of single measles vaccine, is currently done at 6 month when measles are prevalent, should be considered. High first vaccination failure suggests problems of vaccines itself, transport and storage rather than vaccination methods. Therefore a thorough investigation should be made.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, doctors were surveyed with a questionnaire to determine whether they performed simultaneous vaccination and whether there were any concerns about safety or anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine any problems associated with doctors readily performing simultaneous vaccination. Methods: A trained surveyor visited 241 doctors from every institution registered with the National Immunization Program (NIP) located within six districts (gu) in the City of Busan (Dongnae-gu, Geumjeong-gu, Yeonje-gu, Suyeong-gu, Busanjin-gu, Haeundae-gu); a total of 155 (64%) valid responses were obtained. Results: Of the 155 respondents, 144 (93%) were already performing simultaneous immunizations and 141 (91%) had a positive view of the practice. However, among the 144 doctors performing simultaneous immunizations, 67 (47%) were not confident about its safety; side effects were seen after simultaneous immunization by 86 doctors, 35 (41%) of whom believed that the frequency or possibility of side effects in simultaneous immunizations was higher than that in sequential immunizations. Conclusions: The use of simultaneous immunization is expanding quickly. However, among the doctors performing simultaneous immunizations, a high percentage had concerns over its unproven safety and potential side effects, indicating the need for academic societies or government institutions to present evidence to address such concerns.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.170-178
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• 2019

Purpose: Annual influenza vaccination is the best strategy to prevent healthcare-associated influenza transmission. Influenza vaccination rates among healthcare workers (HCWs) vary by country, region, and year. We investigated the influenza vaccination rates for HCWs during the 2017-2018 influenza season in South Korea, where a non-mandatory vaccination campaign was conducted. Methods: We retrospectively investigated factors affecting the influenza vaccination rate among HCWs during the 2017-2018 influenza season in three tertiary hospitals in Goyang City, where the non-mandatory influenza vaccination program is conducted. Results: Consequently, 6,994 of 7,180 HCWs (97%) were included, and the overall vaccination rate was 85%. Nurses had the highest rate with 92%, followed by health technicians (88%), physicians (84%), and non-medical HCWs (79%, P<0.001). Vaccination rates differed, depending on the frequency of contact with patients in the non-medical HCWs (frequent contact vs. less-frequent contact; 90% vs. 73%, P<0.001). Conclusions: The influenza vaccination rate among HCWs during the 2017-2018 influenza season in Korea was 85%, which is among the highest rates compared with previously reported non-mandatory vaccination rates in other countries. The vaccination rate may vary depending on the HCW's occupational characteristics, including the extent of contact with the patient. Therefore, a multifaceted strategy is needed to increase the vaccination rate of HCWs.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 2009

Pepper powdery mildew, Leveillula taurica is one of the most important pathogens of pepper in the greenhouses and fields in Korea and is becoming a worldwide disease. These experiments were carried out to investigate the optimal germination, disease development conditions, disease incidence and effective inoculation methods of pepper powdery mildew. The incidence of powdery mildew was investigated throughout the country based on the major pepper growing areas in 2009. The average rate of infected leaves ranged from 15.3% to 81.8% in greenhouses and fields. Powdery mildew incidences were more severe in greenhouses than those of fields. The optimal temperature for conidial germination was $25^{\circ}C$ and showed the highest germination at 6 hs after treatment. The range of temperature for germination was $10^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. Temperature of greater than $30^{\circ}C$ and below $20^{\circ}C$ affected the abnormal germination and germ tube elongation. The optimal relative humidity for germination and germ tube elongation was 85% and germination increased as relative humidity increased. Disease development started 8 days after inoculation and showed the highest disease severity at 15 days in greenhouse and field regardless of varieties. Among three different inoculation methods tested the spore dropping method was better than touching with infected leaves and spraying with spore suspension. However, the method has limitation in mass inoculation due to the amount of time consumed.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.198-208
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• 2002

Purpose : There is no scientific basis for an immunization policy for children with renal disease who have increased risk of infection in Korea. As an initial step in approaching this problem, this survey of pediatric nephrologists was undertaken to determine the current recommendations of practicing pediatric nephrologists Methods : Questionnaires were sent to the members of Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology via mail and E-mail. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the immunization practice of basic vaccination schedule for nephrotic syndrome, the side effects after vaccination and the immunization practice about recommended vaccines for children with renal disease. Results : Questionnaires were sent to 56 pediatric nephrologists. 35 replies were received (response rate: 62.5%). Almost of the respondents (82.8%) reported practicing at university hospital. All respondents reported modified vaccination schedule. 65.7% of the respondents immunized nephrotic children with live vaccines some time later after discontinuation of corticosteroids treatment and 57.1% of respondents immunized them with killed vaccines during medication of low doses of corticosteroids. Respondents experienced relapse of nephrotic syndrome after vaccination are nine, lack of vaccine efficacy are three and infection by organisms of live vaccines are two. 71.4% of respondents reported vaccinating children with renal disease for hepatitis B, pneumococcus and influenza during medication of low doses of corticosteroids. But There is few difference of the rates of respondents vaccinating them for Hemophilus influenzae type b between during medication of low doses of corticosteroids and after discontinuation of corticosteroids treatment (45.7% us 42.9%). Almost of respondents reported vaccinating renal failure children without immunosuppression for hepatitis B, pneumococcus, influenza and H. influenzae type b ($54.3{\sim}77.1%$). Conclusion : Pediatric nephrologists practiced modifying vaccination schedules for children with renal disease in Korea and there was variation according to the progression of disease and the doses of corticosteroids. It is necessary to establish the immunization guideline for children with renal disease through the prospective studies.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.200-208
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the reasons for the decreased importation of fresh Shiitake mushrooms into Korea after implementation of the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Monthly time-series data from January 2009 to December 2022 were analyzed using regression analysis and vector autoregression (VAR) models to determine the relationship between the amounts of fresh and spawn Shiitake mushrooms imported. The analysis revealed that a major reason for the decreased importation of fresh Shiitake mushrooms was an increase in mushroom spawn imports after Korea-China FTA implementation. The same results were obtained from the VAR model analysis. However, in terms of the dynamic changes in amount of fresh shiitake mushrooms imported, it was confirmed that the impact of the change in mushroom spawn imports could increase the amount of Shiitake mushrooms imported.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 2001

Purpose : We need to reconsider booster vaccination schedule of Japanese encephalitis vaccination. To do that we evaluate the long-term immunogenicity and the incidence of adverse events with inactivated mouse brain derived Nakayama Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Methods : We tested neutalizing antibody for 311 elementary school students by plaque reduction neutralizing test(PRNT) at USAMC-AFRIMS(United States Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science/Department of Virology). We evaluated vaccine related adverse events by spontaneous reporting prospectively among 15,487 vaccinees who were vaccinated at public health center and 2,277 elementary school students who were immunized previously by a questionnaire and school health record. Results : According to the time interval from the last booster injection of 311 children, PRNT antibody titers gradually decreased as the interval increased; 239 mIU/mL, 188 mIU/mL, 134 mIU/mL, 49 mIU/mL each at 6, 18, 30, 42 months after the last booster injection. The seropositivity rates were 98%, 99%, 95.6%, 71.4% each at 6, 18, 30, 42 months after the last booster injection. There were 21(0.13%) cases with systemic reactions among 15,487 vaccinees who had visited the hospital by prospective passive reporting system at public health center. According to the questionnaires and school health records in elementary school students, local induration and pain were 17.4% and 14.8%, respectively. Systemic reactions including fever, vomiting, rash were reported in few cases. Conclusion : Biannual booster vaccination that has been recommended so far should not be necessary. Surveillance for adverse events with inactivated mouse brain derived Nakayama vaccine should be strengthened to better assess the number of cases and reactions associated with immunization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 1987

Symptom development and disease severity of Phytophthora blight in the sesame plants varied depending upon age of the plants tested, inoculation method, watering method, and inoculum density in both susceptible Suweon 9 and Suweon 26 and moderately resistant B-67 and IS 103 sesame lines to Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica when inoculated. However, successful differentiation of the sesame lines for varietal resistance was possible using 20-day old seedling, inoculation by soil infestation, saturated soil water condition by half immersion of pots in water tank, and 200 sporangia per one ml of inoculum. Spraying or soil inoculation to 70-day old plants also was effective in differentiating the varietal resistance. By the screening method Suwon 26 showed 100％ diseased plants and symptom severity index 9.0, while B-67 showed 20% diseased plants and symptom severity index 1.7. The rating scale given was from 0 through 9. For example, the scale 0 signified no symptom development, 5 signified discoloration of basal part of stem, and 9 signified discoloration of stem more than 10 cm high above the soil surface with blighted leaves. Differentiation in symptom severity also was made by percentage of the lesion area. Results evaluated using both parameters were well corresponded in varietal reaction of sesame to Phytophthora blight.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.96-102
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• 2020

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating disease limiting production of watermelon in Korea. The best way to control diseases is to use resistant gourd rootstock on watermelon. This study was conducted to establish an efficient screening method for resistant bottle gourd to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lagenaria. To develop an efficient inoculation method, incubation temperature after inoculation (15, 20, 25, and 30℃), inoculum concentration (1 × 10⁵, 5 × 10⁵, 1 × 10⁶, and 5 × 10⁶ conidia·mL^-1), and growth stages of seedlings (7, 10, 13, and 16 days) was investigated. Disease development of Fusarium wilt of bottle gourd was little affected by differences in incubation temperature and growth stages of seedlings. But resistant lines were more susceptible and appeared more severe symptoms at the higher inoculation level. Taken together, we suggest that an effective screening method for resistant gourd plant to Fusarium wilt is to dip the roots of 10-day old seedlings in spore suspension of 1 × 10⁵ - 1 × 10⁶ conidia·mL^-1, for 30 min, to transplant the seedlings into a non-infected soil, and then to incubate the inoculated plants in a growth room at 25℃ for 3 weeks to develop Fusarium wilt.