• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 1980

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ upon the activity of carbonic anhydrase and upon the inhibitory action of acetazolamide on carbonic anhydrase. The heparinized blood was sampled by cardiac puncture from Sprague-Dawley strain rats under ether anesthesia and was hemolysed by adding distilled water 1,000 times the amount of the blood. The activity of carbonic anhydrase of 0.1 ml of the hemolysate was measured by Maren's simplified micro-method. In the first experiment, the 7 rats were used, and the activity was measured by adding 0.1 ml of various concentrations of $PGE_1$(0.5, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10 and $20\;{\mu}g/ml$). In the second experiment, the 6 rats were used and the activity was measured by adding 0.1 ml of $PGE_1(5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ and 0.1 ml of acetazolamide$(6{\times}10^{-7}M/l)$ respectively or simultaneously. Obtained results were as follows: 1) The activity of carbonic anhydrase was significantly inhibited by $PGE_1$ at doses of $0.5{\sim}10\;{\mu}g/ml$, maximally at a dose of $2.5\;{\mu}g/ml$, but inhibition was no more observed at a dose of $20\;{\mu}g/ml$. 2) The activity of the acetazolamide group was significantly less than that of the control group. 3) The activity of the $PGE_1+acetazolamide$ group was significantly less than those of the $PGE_1$ group and the acetazolamide group. It is inferred from the above results that the $PGE_1$ inhibits the activity of carbonic anhydrase dose-dependently and strengthens the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide on carbonic anhydrase.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1996

Purpose : Radiation-induced alteration in the immune function is well known phenomenon in cancer patients. Our purpose is to evaluate the extent of immune suppression immediately after mediastinal or pelvic irradiation, which include significant volume of active bone marrow in adults. Materials and Methods'48 cancer patients with mediastinal(N=29) and pelvic irradiation(N=19) were the basis of this analysis. Age ranged from 36 to 76 and mean and median value was 57 years, respectively Sex ratio was 1.3(M: F=27/21). The immunological parameters were the complete blood cell(CBC) with differential cell(D/C) count, T cell subset(CD3, CD4, CD8 CDl9), NK cell test(CDl6, CD56), and serum immunoglobulin(IgG, IgA, IgM) level. Results : The mean value of white blood cell(WBC) was reduced from 7017 to 4470 after irradiation(p=0.0000). In the differential count, the number of lymphocyte, neutrophil, and basophil was markedly reduced with statistical significance(p<0.01) and the number of monocyte was not changed and, on the contrary, that of eosinophil was increased by irradiation. In the lymphocyte subpopulation analysis, the number of all subpopulations, CD3(T cell), CD4(helper T cell), CD8(suppressor T cell), CDl6(NK cell), CDl9(B, cell) was reduced with statistical significance. The mean ratio of CD4 to CD8 in all patients was 1.09 initially and reduced to 0.99 after radiotherapy(p=0.34) , but the proportional percentage of all subpopulations was not changed except CD19(B cell) after irradiation. In the immunoglobulin study, initial values of Ig G, Ig A, and Ig M were relatively above the normal range and the only Ig M was statistically significantly reduced after radiotherapy(p=0.02). Conclusion : Mediastinal and pelvic irradiation resulted in remarkable suppression of lymphocyte count in contrast to the relatively good preservation of other components of white blood cells. But the further study on the functional changes of lymphocyte after radiotherapy may be necessary to conclude the effects of the radiation on the immunity of the cancer Patients.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 1973

The distensibility of the major arteries has been investigated extensively, but the value expressed as Young Modulus varies widely by the different schools of the investigators, the major reason undoubtedly being the difficulties encountered in the measurement. In the present study, an attempt was made to elucidate the distensibility of the external carotid artery of the rabbit, which was placed in saline immediately after removing from the apparently healthy, normal rabbit without anesthesia. The circular section strip and longitudinal section strip were made from the whole artery, and Young Modulus of the whole artery, circular section and longitudinal section strips was calculated from the length-tension curve of each sample. Also, the similar samples of the artery seperately obtained were placed in ATP solution in the concentration of 0.15 mM and 0.30 mM, and Young Modulus was similary calculated. Experiments were performed at 15,45 and 75 min after the artery was removed from the rabbit, and the results thus obtained are summarized as follows. 1) Young Modulus of the whole external carotid artery of the rabbit in saline was $4.74{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2$ at 15 min, but lower values were obtained at 45 and 75 min, Young Modulus being $4.62{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2\;and\;4.13{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2$, respectively. When the arterial samples were placed in ATP solutions, Young Modulus did not change much throughout the experiment, and lower Young Moduli were obtained in 0.30 mM ATP solution than in 0. 15 mM ATP solution. 2) Young Modulus Of the Circular Section Strip in Saline was $4.11{\times}10^7dyne/Cm^2,\;3.75{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2\;and\;3.90{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2,$ respectively, at 15, 45 and 75 min, the value at 15 min being the highest. However, when the strip was placed in ATP solutions, no appreciable change was observed throughout the experiment, and Young Moduli were lower in 0.30 mM ATP solution than in 0.15 mM ATP solution. 3) Young Modulus of the longitudinal section strip in saline was $2.12{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2,\;2.48{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2\;and\;2.46{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2$, respectively, at 15, 45 and 75 min, Young Modulus being slightly elevated in the latter part of the experiment. A similar tendency was observed when the strip was placed in ATP solutions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.723-735
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• 1998

Background : Vitamin C has been reported to have a role in the decrease of airway hyperresponsiveness in animal models. This data is based on some metabolic actions of vitamin C, such as promotion of histamine degradation, producing more $PGE_2$ than $PGF_{2\alpha}$ in cyclooxygenase pathway, decrease of smooth muscle contraction, and acting as reducing agent of oxidant. It has been also known that heavy smokers have lower blood levels of vitamin C than nonsmokers and this deficiency in heavy smokers have been explained by several mechanisms, such as increased oxidation by oxidants and free radicals, increased biosynthesis of catecholamine and serotonin released by nicotine, and inadequate dietary intake. In this study, We attempted to assess effect of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in heavy smokers who have bronchial hyperresponsiveness and role of vitamin C on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Method: To assess acute effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done in 17 smokers and 8 nonsmokers, and one hour after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were repeated. To assess chronic effect of vitamin C on airway hyperresponsiveness, after daily administration of vitamin C 1 g for one week in 17 smokers, blood sample for vitamin C level and spirometry, methacholine challenge test were done. To assess role of vitamin C, after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g plus indomethacin 100 mg in 12 of 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were done and after oral intake of indomethacin 100 mg in 12 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test, spirometry and methacholine challenge test were repeated. Result: There were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers($1.17{\pm}0.22$ mg/dL) and nonsmcikers($1.14{\pm}0.19$ mg/dL) (p>0.05). Fifteen of the 17 smokers(88.2%) were reactive to methacholine challenge test and 10 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test were less than 8 mg/dL in $PC_{20}FEV-2$, and 7 of the 8 nonsmokers(87.5%) were nonreactive to methacholine challenge test There were significant decrease in bronchial responsiveness after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in 13 of the 15 smokers who were reactive to methacholine challenge test This significant decrease persisted with maintenance daily administration of 1 g for one week. $PC_{20}FEV-2$ were not correlated to vitamin C levels in smokers. After oral administration of indomethacin 100 mg, significant reduction of bronchial responsiveness that occured after oral administration of vitamin C 3 g in smokers were attenuated. Conclusion: Although there were no significant differences in whole blood vitamin C levels between smokers and nonsmokers. heavy smokers have significant increase in bronchial responsiveness than nonsmokers. This bronchial hyperresponsiveness of heavy smokers can be attenuated by vitamin C supplement. Disappearance of vitamin C effect by indomethacin supplement may suggest that vitamin C exert its effect via alteration of arachidonic acid metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.43-46
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• 1973

이 논문(論文)은 1969년(年) 9월(月) 부터 시작된 IAEA, Internal Society of Hematology 후원(後援)인 ICSH(International Committee for Standardization of Haematology 주최로 열린 제5차 ICSH Panel에서 거론된 Ferrokinetics에 관한 몇 가지 문제점을 초록한 것이다. 1973년 11월 19일 IAEA/ICSH는 Ferrokinetics의 수기(手技)상의 문제점에 관한 토론이 있었다. 즉 혈청철(血淸鐵)이나 총철결합능(總鐵詰合能)을 검사용 혈액 채취시마다 매번 측정해야 되는지에 관한 문제, 환자(患者)의 총철결합능(總鐵詰合能)이 낮을 때 $^{59}Fe$를 주사(注射)하기전 직업적 공혈자(供血者)의 혈장(血漿)과 미리 incubation한 후 주어야 하는지의 문제, 검사용 혈액채취시 그 혈액양, 주입하는 방사성동위원소의 양(量), 항응고제(抗凝固劑)로 Heparin 대신 ACD를 사용할 수 있는지 여부, 통상(通常)의 주사기(注射器)를 사용할 때 그 오차를 줄이는 방법에 관한 문제 방사능(放射能) 계측시(計測時) 혈장(血漿) 대신 전혈(全血)을 사용채도 좋은가에 관한 문제점등이 토론되었다. 여기서 대체로 의견이 일치된 점으로는 주입(注入)하는 $^{59}Fe$는 비방사능(比放射能)이 $5{\mu}Ci/{\mu}g$이상일 것, 이의 양(量)은 체중당(體重當) 얼마로 표시할 것, 방사능계측(放射能計測)에 사용되는 혈액(血液)은 반드시 혈장(血漿)으로 통일할 것, 혈청철(血淸鐵)의 측정(測定)에는 첫번째 및 네번째의 검사용 혈액(血液)을 사용할 것, 혈액(血液)채취후 즉시 혈장(血漿)을 분리(分離)하여 보관할 것, 등(等)에 의견을 모았으며 앞으로 이에 관한 상보(詳報)를 마련하기로 하였다.各) 검사(檢査)에서 계산(計算)된 측정치(測定値)에 차이(差異)가 있어 그 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋) 및 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)에 적지않은 난점(難點)이 생겨 표준화(標準化)된 공통적(共通的)인 방법(方法)의 사용(使用)이 중요(重要)하다는 사실(事實)이 인식(認識)되게 되었다. 1966년(年) 호주(濠洲)의 Sydney에서 개최(開催)되었든 제11차(第11次) 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)때 열린 제4차(第4次) International Committee for Standardization in Haematology(ICSH)에서 Diagnostic Applications of Radioisotopes in Haematology에 관(關)한 expert panel을 갖을것을 의결(議決)하여 다음과 같은 12명(名)의 위원(委員)이 결정(決定)되었으며 위원회(委員會)의 의장(議長)에 Dr. Szur, 총무(總務)에 Dr. Glass가 각각(各各) 선임(選任)되었다. 그간(間) 1967년(年) 영경(英京) London에서 첫 회합(會合)이 있은후(後) New York, Vienna(IAEA후원(後援)) Brthesda(NIH후원(後援))에서 전문위원회(專門委員會)를 갖고 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)에 관(關)한 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. ICSH와 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)에서는 이번에 결정(決定)된 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)을 널리 소개(紹介)하며, 측정법(測定法)과 얻어진 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋)에 표준화(標準化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로 이에 연관성(聯關性)있는 전문지(專門誌)에 게재(揭載)할 것을 요청(要請) 받었기에 이에 전문(全文)을 소개(紹介)하는 바이다. 이들은 방사성(放射性) chromium 법(法)의 모든 세부적(細部的)인 면(面)을 표준화(標準化)하고 있으며 그간(間) 가장 논란(論難)의 대상(對象)이 되었던,

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.212-215
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• 2014

The aim of the study was to identify the effects of two different diets (sand eels or saurels) on the serum protein electrophoretic patterns of Oriental White Storks held in captivity. The tests were performed on two groups of storks according to the diet (group 1 and 2). Twenty-two (group 1) or twenty-nine (group 2) storks were included. The values of complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry profiles, protein fractions (albumin, ${\alpha}$-globulin, ${\beta}$-globulin, and ${\gamma}$-globulin), and lipoprotein (high density- [HDL] and low density lipoprotein [LDL]) were compared between samples obtained during two groups (p < 0.05). The ${\alpha}$-globulin fraction was decreased and the ${\beta}$-globulin fraction was significantly increased in samples obtained from group 1 compared to those obtained from group 2. In group 1, the concentration of LDL was also significantly increased compared to that of group 2. In conclusion, we confirmed that the ${\beta}$-globulin fraction was significantly elevated in storks fed sand eels.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.391-395
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• 2012

We present a continuous cell separator that achieves density-dependent and size-independent cell separation based on the net force of gravity and buoyancy forces on the cells in dissimilar density fluids. Previous cell separators are, based on the size or dielectrophoretic property of the cells and, are suitable for size-dependent and density-independent cell separation. However, these properties can make it difficult to collect the same types of cells with the same density but with size variations. The present separator, however, is capable of collecting the same types of cells based on the cell density in the fluid. Regardless of cell size, the proposed chip isolates low density cells, (white blood cells, or WBCs) at the upper outlet while obtaining high-density cells (red blood cells, or RBCs) from the lower outlet based on density. Efficiency levels for separation of WBCs and RBCs were $90.9{\pm}9.1%$ and $86.4{\pm}1.99%$, respectively. The present separator therefore has the potential for use in the pretreatment of whole blood.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2005

배경 및 목적 : Multidrug Resistance-1 (MDR1) 유전자는 다약제내성에 관여하는 P-glycoprotein을 암호화한다. MDR1 유전자의 다형성은 P-glycoprotein의 발현과 기능의 차이를 일으켜 항암화학요법 반응에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 저자들은 소세포폐암 환자에서 MDR1 유전자의 다형성과 일배체형에 따른 항암화학요법에 대한 반응을 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 경북대학병원에서 병리적으로 소세포폐암으로 진단받고 etoposide-cisplatin 항암화학요법을 받은 54명을 대상으로 하였다. 전혈 5cc에서 DNA를 추출하고 PCR-RFLP법을 통해 MDR1 유전자 엑손 21의 2677G>T 다형성과, 엑손 26의 3435C>T 다형성을 조사하고 다형성과 일배체형에 따른 항암화학요법의 반응을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 2677G>T 유전자형에 따른 항암화학요법의 반응은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3435 CC 유전자형은 3435 CT+TT 형에 비해 치료 반응율이 유의하게 높았다 (P = 0.025). 유전자형 분석 결과와 일치되게 2677G/3435C 일배체형은 다른 일배체형에 비해 치료반응을 보이는 경우가 유의하게 많았다 (P = 0.015). 결 론 : 소세포폐암에서 MDR1 유전자의 2677G>T와 3435C>T 다형성 및 이들 다형성의 일배체형은 etoposide-cisplatin 항암화학요법의 반응을 예측할 수 있는 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.331-337
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• 2009

Background: The whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay (QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT-G]: Cellestis, Carnegie, Victoria, Australia) has been studied primarily for the use of diagnosing active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) or latent TB. In the present study, the usefulness of QFT-G was evaluated for the diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EP-TB). Methods: From June 2006 to February 2009, we evaluated the usefulness of QFT-G in patients (n=65) suspected with EP-TB, retrospectively. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the QFT-G assay were analyzed. Results: EP-TB was diagnosed in 33 (51%) participants. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the QFT-G assay for EP-TB were 78%, 79%, 81%, and 77%, respectively. Of the 33 with EP-TB, 14 (42%) were diagnosed with TB pleurisy, 7 (21%) with TB lymphadenitis, 7 (21%) with intestinal TB, and 5 (15%) with EP-TB in other sites. In subgroup analyses according by site of infection, the QFT-G showed 86% sensitivity, 64% specificity, and 78% NPV in TB pleurisy. On the other hand, the sensitivity, specificity, and NPV of the assay were 71%, 83% and 71%, respectively in TB lymphadenitis, and 86%, 100% and 88%, respectively in intestinal TB. Among the patients with suspected alternative site EP-TB, the sensitivity, specificity, and NPV of the assay were 50%, 80% and 67%, respectively. Conclusion: The QFT-G assay showed moderate diagnostic accuracy in EP-TB. However, negative QFT-G assay does not exclude EP-TB because of the low NPV of this assay.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2011

Background: The clinical manifestation of $M.$ $tuberculosis$ infection ranges from asymptomatic latent infection, to focal forms with minimal symptoms and low bacterial burdens, and finally to advanced tuberculosis (TB) with severe symptoms and high bacillary loads. We investigated the diagnostic sensitivity of the whole-blood interferon-${\gamma}$ release assay according to the wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Methods: In patients diagnosed with active TB that underwent $QuantiFERON^{(R)}$ (QFT) testing, the QFT results were compared with patients known to be infected with pulmonary tuberculosis (P-TB) and extra-pulmonary TB (EP-TB). In addition, the results of the QFT test were further analyzed according to the radiographic extent of disease in patients with P-TB and the location of disease in patients with EP-TB. Results: There were no statistical differences in the overall distribution of QFT results between 177 patients with P-TB and 84 patients with EP-TB; the positive results of QFT test in patients with P-TB and EP-TB were 70.1% and 64.3%, respectively. Among patients with P-TB, patients with mild extents of disease showed higher frequency of positive results of QFT test than that of patients with severe form (75.2% vs. 57.1%, respectively; p=0.043) mainly due to an increase of indeterminate results in severe P-TB. Patients with TB pleurisy showed lower sensitivity by the QFT test than those with tuberculous lymphadenitis (48.8% vs. 78.8%, respectively; p=0.019). Conclusion: Although QFT test showed similar results between overall patients with P-TB and EP-TB, individual sensitivity was different according to the radiographic extent of disease in P-TB and the location of disease in EP-TB.