• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2011

The yield strength of particle-reinforced composites increases as the size of the particle decreases. This kind of length scale has been mainly attributed to the geometrically necessary dislocation punched around the particle as a result of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of the particle and the matrix when the composites are cooled down after consolidation. In this study, two dislocation-punching theories that can be used in continuum structural modeling are assessed numerically. The two theories, presented by Shibata et al. and Dunand and Mortensen, calculate the size of the dislocationpunched zone. The composite yield strengths predicted by finite element analysis were qualitatively compared with experimental results. When the size of the particle is less than $2{\mu}m$, the patterns of the composite strength are quite different. The results obtained by Shibata et al. are in qualitatively better agreement with the experimental results.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.745-751
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• 2011

This study proposes finite element modeling of dislocation punching at cooling after consolidation in order to calculate the strength of particle-reinforced aluminum composites. The Taylor dislocation model combined with strain gradient plasticity around the reinforced particle is adopted to take into account the size-dependency of different volume fractions of the particle. The strain gradients were obtained from the equivalent plastic strain calculated during the cooling of the spherical unit cell, when the dislocation punching due to CTE (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) mismatch is activated. The enhanced yield stress was observed by including the strain gradients, in an average sense, over the punched zone. The tensile strength of the SiCp/Al 356-T6 composite was predicted through the finite element analysis of an axisymmetric unit cell for various sizes and volume fractions of the particle. The predicted strengths were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Further, the particle-size dependency was clearly established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.10 no.1 s.20
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• pp.51-54
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• 2004

In recently days, the breed fish farm is increased in the beach side for farming fish. In such a farm, the heater is requested for preventing freezing in cold season. The heating material are requested high corrosion resistance and strength for endurance high corrosive salt and pressure. In case of low corrosion resistance and/or strength, the heating element shall be broke down and eventually make spillage or leaking contaminated salt. In the most cases, crevice corrosion is localized form of corrosion usually associated with a stagnant solution on the micro-environmental level. In this study, the crevice corrosion of Ferritic type 430 stainless steel is investigated. The size of specimen is $15{\times}20{\times}3mmt$. Test solution is 1N H2SO4 + 0.05N NaCl. The artificial crevice gap size is $0.24{\times}3{\times}15mmL$. Crevice corrosion is measured under applied voltage 300mV(SCE) to the external surface. the result of this study showed that 1) the induced time for initiation of crevice is 750seconds, 2) potential is dropped in the crevice from the top of gap opening from -320 to -399mV. The result confirmed that the potential drop(IR mechanism) in the crevice is one of mechanism for crevice corrosion.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1 s.34
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• pp.23-32
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• 1984

The effects of morphine on the transmembrane potential and the short circuit current in the isolated frog skin were studied under different experimental conditions. The measurem ents of the transmembrane potential and the short circuit current were carried out according to Ussing and Zerahn's method. Experimental results were summerized as follows: 1) $5{\pm}10^{-3}$M of morphine markedly depressed the transmembrane potential and the short circuit current of the naive preparation. The peak of these inhibitory effects of morphine was observed about 1 hour after administration of the drug. 2) However $10^{-4}$M of naloxone did not affect these effects of morphine. 3) Decrease of $K^+$, increase of $K^+$ or $Ca^{2+}$ in the perfusate, markedly potentiated the inhibitory action of morphine on both transmembrane potential and short circuit current of the frog skin, and addition of $Mn^{2+}$ to the solution depressed the effect of morphine on the transmembrane potential, while the inhibitory effect of morphine on the short circuit current was diminished in the $Ca^{2+}$-free ringer solution, and increase of $Mg^{2+}$ concentration depressed those effect of morphine on both electrical parameters. 4) In the morphine treated preparations, transmembrane potential and short circuit current were decreased in the early phase of drug treatment ($1{\sim}2$ days), but gradually increased to the significantly high level from the control (48 days after treatment). In these preparations, the effects of morphine on both electrical parameters were also potentiated in the early phase, but markedly diminished in the late phase of treatment. From the above results, it is postulated that the pharmacological actions of morphine as well as development of the tolerance by morphine may be partially related to the changes of ion fluxes and/or permeabilities of skin by the drug.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.433-441
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• 1986

본 연구에서는 인장시험과 인장시 변형율속도 변화와 온도변화를 주는 시험을 통하여 316스테인리스강에 있어서의 비탄성거동을 규명하여 가공경화에 대한 용질강화 효과를 시험하고, Voce형의 발전방정식(evolutionary equation)을 포함하는 Arrhenius 형의 구성식에 용질강화효과를 첨가하여 정확한 비탄성 해석을 기하고자 한다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2014

Particle-reinforced metal matrix composites exhibit a strengthening effect due to the particle size-dependent length scale that arises from the strain gradient, and thus from the geometrically necessary dislocations between the particles and matrix that result from their CTE(Coefficient of Thermal Expansion) and elastic-plastic mismatches. In this study, the influence of the size-dependent length scale on the particle-matrix interface failure and ductile failure in the matrix was examined using finite-element punch zone modeling whereby an augmented strength was assigned around the particle. The failure behavior was observed by a parametric study, while varying the interface failure properties such as the interface strength and debonding energy with different particle sizes and volume fractions. It is shown that the two failure modes (interface failure and ductile failure in the matrix) interact with each other and are closely related to the particle size-dependent length scale; in other words, the composite with the smaller particles, which is surrounded by a denser dislocation than that with the larger particles, retards the initiation and growth of the interface and matrix failures, and also leads to a smaller amount of decrease in the flow stress during failure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2012

The strength of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites is, in general, known to be increased by the geometrically necessary dislocations punched around a particle that form during cooling after consolidation because of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the particle and the matrix. An additional strength increase may also be observed, since another type of geometrically necessary dislocation can be formed during extensive deformation as a result of the strain gradient plasticity due to the elastic-plastic mismatch between the particle and the matrix. In this paper, the magnitudes of these two types of dislocations are calculated based on the dislocation plasticity. The dislocations are then converted to the respective strengths and allocated hierarchically to the matrix around the particle in the axisymmetric finite-element unit cell model. The proposed method is shown to be very effective by performing finite-element strength analysis of $SiC_p$/Al2124-T4 composites that included ductile failure in the matrix and particlematrix decohesion. The predicted results for different particle sizes and volume fractions show that the length scale effect of the particle size obviously affects the strength and failure behavior of the particle-reinforced metal matrix composites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.538-541
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• 2002

탄소나노튜브 (CNT)가 도포된 평면형 에미터와 원형 개구의 게이트 전극을 가지는 삼전극 전계방출 소자의 전계방출 특성을 시뮬레이션하였다. 체계적인 시뮬레이션을 위해 소자 내 전위의 공간적 분포 특정을 결정하는 전계형상인자 $\gamma$를 정의하고 이 값에 따른 전위분포의 특성과 방출 전자의 궤적을 계산하였다. 계산 결과$\gamma$ > 1 인 전압조건에서는 에미터의 가운데를 중심으로 강한 전자방출이 발생하고 전자빔이 구조의 축 방향으로 자체 집속됨을 알 수 있었다. 이렇게 되면 에미터와 게이트의 정렬이 전혀 필요하지 않게 되며 또한 별도의 전자집속회로 없이도 에미터와 양극에 있는 형광체가 1:1 로 대응하는 획기적인 디스플레이 구조를 가능하게 해 준다 적정 전압조건에서 CNT의 전계강화인자 $\beta$의 변화에 따른 총 전류를 계산한 결과，$\beta$ >3000인 CNT를 사용할 경우 실제 소자로서 구현이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 1971

The part of the work of plastic deformation of metal goes into the changes in the total surface free energy. This contribution is dependent on the specific surface free energy, which is affected by the environment. Based on thermodynamical approach, volume constancy requirement and adsorption induced two distinct dislocation interaction mechanisms for strengthening or weakening of metals at surface, theoretical derivation has been made to show that the environmental contribution on the strain hardening, the stress and the energy required for plastic deformation can be expressed in terms of solid surface tension in vacuum (${\gamma}$$_{s}$), interfacial tension (${\gamma}$$_{se}$ ), surface dislocation density ($\rho$$_{s}$), internal dislocation density ($\rho$$_{i}$) and fraction of surface site uncoverage (f). On the basis of theoretical derivation, the various mechanical behaviours under different environments are predicted.d.d.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.2 s.233
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• pp.214-219
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• 2005

To investigate the change of internal stress and mobile dislocation density in the creep, stress relaxation test was examined from each strain range. Mobile dislocation density increased until it reached minimum creep rate but after that, it decreased. Internal stress did not change until it reached minimum creep rate but after that, it decreased. The stress relaxation rate is fast and approached zero later 1.5 seconds, which were begun in the stress relaxation. When the applied stress is large, the internal stress is large. It is cleared that dislocations glide viscously which N passes by cutting Cr atom rather than typical viscosity movement by the evaluation of mobility of dislocation in STS310J1TB.