• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 1980

This study was conducted to detect copper which is considered in the soils of orchards, since copper fungicide has been applied to fruit trees. Soil samples taken from the fields of the chief producing districts of apple (Chungju, Yesan, Daegu), pear (Yangju, Bucheon, Seonghwan) and citrus (Seogypo in Jeju island) were analysed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. In orchards of apple, the amount of copper of soils from Yesan, Chungju and Daegu were ranged 2.6-171.3ppm, 2.2-136.1ppm and 14.3-134.6ppm, respectively. Very little copper was detected from the soils in the field which has been cultivated for less than 20 years. About 100ppm and 130-170ppm of copper were detected in the field which has been cultivated for 30 years and for 50-60 years, respectively. Most of the copper was detected in the surface layer of soils (0-10cm), while very low content of copper was detected in the deeper layer of soils (10-20cm). 2. In orchards of pear, 20-30ppm of copper was detected from the surface of soils in the field which has been cultivated for more than 30 years and the highest level of copper, 36.8ppm, was detected from Yangju area. The amount of copper of soils from Yangju, Seonghwan and Bucheon were ranged 3.6-36.8ppm, 9.7-19.4ppm and 3.6-24.7ppm, respectively. 3. In orchards of citrus of Jeju island, only trace amount and 23-38ppm of copper were detected in the fields cultivated for 15 years and 20-30 years, respectively. The highest level of copper, 57ppm, was detected from the surface layer of soils in the field which has been cultivated for 35 years, but in most of the soil samples tested, only the natural background level of copper, about 20ppm, was detected. 4. The levels of copper residue in all the soil samples tested were lower than the tolerance level (125ppm of copper which is extracted in 0.1N-HCl solution), except those of copperr residue, 130-170ppm, that were detected from the orchards of apple which have been under cultivation for 50-60 years. Hence no problem for the farming could be speculated with the present concentration of copper analysed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.760-773
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• 2000

Background : Hemoptysis is a common clinical symptom responsible for 11% of admission to the hospital chest service. In KOREA pulmonary tuberculosis is still the most common cause of hemoptysis and the incidence of hemoptysis due to neoplasia has increased. Bronchoscopy and high resonance CT are essential for diagnosis of the cause of hemoptysis. We studied the causes, diagnostic tools and treament treatment of hemoptysis Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical profiles, radiologic and bronchoscopy findings and treatments of hemoptysis for 220 patients who were admitted to our hospital with hemoptysis between 1994 and 1998. Results : The mean age at diagnosis was 49.3 years and male to female ratio was 2.1 : 1. The main causes were active pulmonary pulmonary tuberculosis in 72 cases(32.7%), inactive pulmonary tuberculosis with sequlae in 69 cases(31.4%) lung cancer in 43 cases(19.5%), bronchiectasis in 10 cases(4.5%), and chronic bronchitis in 10 cases(4.5%). The mean amount of hemoptysis for 24hrs was 120cc. The mean duration of bleeding was 25 days. The number of cases with a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis were 128 cases, in which 24 were relapsed tuberculosis cases, 25 chronic tuberculosis cases, 69 inactive tuberculosis cases, and 10 lung cancer cases. High resonance CT was the most useful method for structural etiologic evaluation of hemoptysis developed in patients with inactive tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and aspergilloma. Sputum study and bronchofiberscopy were the confirmative diagnostic tools for active pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer. The treatments of hemoptysis medical in 152 cases(71.7%), bronchial arteη embolization in 39 cases(17.8%), and operation in 9 cases(4.0%). The mean following up duration was 22.4 months. The overall outcomes of hemoptysis were controlled in 77 cases(43.5%), rebleeding in 100 cases (56.5%) and expired in 9 cases (4.0%). The outcomes of hemoptysis in pulmonary tuberculosis were controlled in 21.6%, rebleeding in 78.4%, and expire in 14.7%. Conculsion : The most common cause of hemoptysis was related with pulmonary tuberculosis. HRCT was an important diagnostic tool in AFB smear negative active pulmonary tuberculosis and inactive tuberculosis with sequelae. Early, proper management of pulmonary tuberculosis is important for prevention of hemoptysis in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2002

Background: Pulmonary aspergilloma is relatively common in korea. It arises from the colonization and proliferation of Aspergillus in preexisting lung parenchymal cavities, in particular tuberculosis. The most common symptom in this disorder is hemoptysis, which mayor may not be massive and life threatening. A routine chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) are the most important diagnostic procedures. A surgical resection of the aspergilloma has recently been recommended, because of the relatively low incidence of postoperative complications than in the past. A more concentrated sample of patients with aspergilloma, who either underwent a thoracotomy or tested positive for aspergillus antibodies, were reviewed. Method : The medical records of twenty-two patients with aspergilloma, who had a proven thoracotomy (9 cases), or who tested positive for the diagnostic procedure and/or aspergillus antibodies (13 cases) from January 1995 to December 2000, were reviewed retrospectively. Results : The most common underlying lung disease was a current or old healed tuberculosis, and 3 patients had cultures of mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT). The mean time until the aspergilloma was detected 5.91 years in the healed tuberculosis cases. The others cases involved a lung abscess, bronchiectasis and without lung disease. The extrapulmonary disease was alcoholism and diabetes. Hemoptysis was most common in 72.7%. A computed tomography (CT) is useful for diagnosis. The right upper lobe, especially the posterior segment, is the most common location. Bronchial artery embolization is ineffective for a long term follow-up. A lobectomy is most common in a thoracotomy, and intra-operative and post-operative complications are rare. During follow-up, the mortality rate, not from the aspergilloma but from respiratory failure, was 13.6%. Conclusion : Aspergilloma is a common cavitary lung disease, It mainly arises from tuberculosis, either current or healed, but extra-pulmonary disease including alcoholism or diabetes are other possible risk factors. Their most common problem in aspergilloma is hemoptysis. Surgery has a low risk of post-operative complications and is recommended in relatively preserved lung function or healthy patients. Medical maneuvers including embolization, and the local insertion of certain materials needs to be studied more closely.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the effects of growth regulators, carbon sources and silver nitrate on callus formation and plant regeneration of turfgrass. The results were summarized as fallows : Callus from Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and pencross creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrir Huds.) induced better in MS medium than in N6 medium and by addition of 2,4-D than by that of NAA. Callus formation from Korean lawngrass and penncross creeping bentgrass was very effective at MS medium adding 1mg/L 2,4-D and at the medium adding 2mg/L 2,4-D, repectively. Growth of callus was good at MS medium containing 2mg/L 2,4-D+0.2mg/L NAA. Callus growth of Korean lawngrass and penncross creeping bentgrass was good when kinetin was added 0.2mg/L and 0.3mg/L, individually, to MS medium containg 2mg/L 2,4-D+0.2mg/L NAA. Regeneration rate from leaf and stock callus of Korean lawngrass was 44% at MS medium adding 2,4-D 2mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L+kinetin 0.3mg/L and 32% at the medium containing 2,4-D 2mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L+kinetin 0.3mg/L, each and that from leaf and stock callus of penncross creeping bentgrass was 80% and 67%, each, at the medium adding 2,4-D 2mg/l+NAA 0.2mg/L+kinetin 0.3mg/L. Regeneration rate of Korean lawngrass and penneross creeping bentgrass increased by 3 to 4% and by 10 to 16%, respectively, when added $AgNO_3$ 1~2mg/L to the above-mentioned regeneration medium.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2004

It is important to identify geometries of fracture that act as a conduit of fluid flow for characterization of ground water flow in fractured rock. Fracture geometries control hydraulic conductivity and stream lines in a rock mass. However, we have difficulties to acquire whole geometric data of fractures in a field scale because of discontinuous distribution of outcrops and impossibility of continuous collecting of subsurface data. Therefore, it is needed to develop a method to describe whole feature of a target fracture geometry. This study suggests a new approach to develop a method to characterize on the whole feature of a target fracture geometry based on the Fourier transform. After sampling of specimens along a target fracture from borehole cores, effective frequencies among roughness components were selected by the Fourier transform on each specimen. Then, the selected effective frequencies were averaged on each frequency. Because the averaged spectrum includes all the frequency profiles of each specimen, it shows the representative components of the fracture roughness of the target fracture. The inverse Fourier transform is conducted to reconstruct an averaged whole roughness feature after low pass filtering. The reconstructed roughness feature also shows the representative roughness of the target subsurface fracture including the geometrical characteristics of each specimen. It also means that overall roughness feature by scaling up of a fracture. In order to identify the characteristics of permeability coefficients along the target fracture, fracture models were constructed based on the reconstructed roughness feature. The computation of permeability coefficient was performed by the homogenization analysis that can calculate accurate permeability coefficients with full consideration of fracture geometry. The results show a range between $10^{-4}{\;}and{\;}10^{-3}{\;}cm/sec$, indicating reasonable values of permeability coefficient along a large fracture. This approach will be effectively applied to the analysis of permeability characteristics along a large fracture as well as identification of the whole feature of a fracture in a field scale.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.28
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• pp.153-179
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• 2011

Korea has been a victim of State supporting terrorism by North Korea even before international society realize the terrorism threats because of 9.11 in US. However, state supporting terrorism against South Korea by North Korea went along with East/West Cold War System by US and the Soviet Union. It is because socialism that Kim Il-sung who established a separate government in North Korea with the political, economic, social and military support of the Soviet Union selected as his political ideology justifies terrorism as the tool to complete the proletariat revolution. North Korea's state supporting terrorism is being operated systematically and efficiently by military of North Korea. It gives big worries to international society not only by performing terrorism against Korea but also by dispatching terrorists and exporting terrorism strategies to the third world countries. In this situation, terrorism against Korea has met a new transition point at 9${\cdot}$11 in US. As South Korea is confronting North Korea and the war has not ended but suspended, the alliance between US and Korea is more important than anything else. Because of this Korea decided to support the anti-terrorism wars against Afghanistan and Iraq of US and other western countries and send military force there. The preface of the anti-terrorism war has begun as such. On October 7, 2001, US and UK started to attack Afghanistan and Taleban government in Afghanistan was dethroned on December 7, 2001. US and western countries started a war against Iraq on March 20, 2003. On April 9, 2003 Baghdad, the capital of Iraq fell, and Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Awja government was expelled. During the process, the terrorism threat against South Korea has expanded to Arab terrorists and terrorism organizations as well as North Korea. Consequently, although Korean government, scholars and working level public servants made discussions and tried to seek countermeasures, the damages are extending. Accordingly, terrorism against Korean companies in overseas after 9${\cdot}$11 were analyzed focusing on Nation, Region, Victimology, and Weapons used for the attacks. Especially, the trend of terrorism against the Korean companies in overseas was discussed by classifying them chronologically such as initiation and termination of anti-terrorism wars against Afghanistan and Iraq, and from the execution of Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Awja to December 2010. Through this, possible terrorism incidents after the execution of Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al-Qaeda, on May 2, 2011 were projected and proposals were made for the countermeasures.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 1999

Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of complications, the incidences of complications, and preoperative and postoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of the complication. Material and Method: Between August 1990 and August 1997 in Asan Medical Center, 42 patients(24 men and 18 women) underwent surgical resection for pulmonary aspergilloma. The mean age was 46.6${\pm}$11.5 years(range 29 to 69 years). Hemoptysis(90%) was the most common presentation. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common predisposing cause(81%). The associated diseases were bronchiectasis(n=11), active puolmonary tuberculosis(n=9), diabetes mellitus(n=8), lung carcinoid(n=1), and acute myeloblastic leukemia(n=1). Lobectomy was done in 32 cases(76%), segmentectomy or wedge resection in 4, pneumonectomy in 2, and lobectomy combined with segmentectomy in 4. Result: Operative mortality was 2%. The most common postoperative complication was persistent air leakage(n=6). The variables such as age, sex, pulmonary function test, amount and duration of hemoptysis, associated diseases(diabetes mellitus, active pulmonary tuberculosis), mode of preoperative management(steroid, antifungal agent, bronchial arterial embolization), and modes of operative procedures were statistically insignificant. The radiologic extent of infiltration to normal lung parenchyme was statistically significant(p=0.04). Conclusion: We conclude that the extent of the infiltration to normal lung parenchyme in preoperative radiologic studies should be carefully evaluated to reduce the postoperative complications in surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of radiation therapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) and to analyze the prognostic factors. Materials and Methods: From December 2004 to April 2009, 70 patients who had HCC with PVTT were treated with RT at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. Nineteen patients whose total dose was below 30 Gy and one patient who underwent liver transplantation were excluded. The remaining 50 patients (45 males, 5 females; median age 55 years) were analyzed. According to the LCSGJ TNM stage, there were 27 patients (54.0%) with stage III and 23 (46.0%) with stage IV. Total dose of 30~54 Gy was administered (median 45). Thirty patients (60.0%) were treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). The median follow-up duration was from 13.5 months (range, 3 to 70 months). Results: The median survival time from the start of RT was 9 months. One-year and 2-year overall survival rates were 24.9% and 11.2%, respectively. At the follow-up time, three patients (6.0%) displayed no evidence of disease. Seven patients (14.0%) were alive with disease, and 40 (80.0%) patients had expired due to disease progression. CCRT was associated with worse survival than RT alone (p=0.034), Response to RT (p=0.037), CLIP stage (p=0.017), and TNM stage (p=0.041) were statistically significant prognostic factors. There was no radiation-induced liver disease. Conclusion: RT is an effective and safe modality for HCC with PVTT. Further studies such as prospective randomized trials are needed to confirm the role of RT for HCC with PVTT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2019

Cerebral nervous system intervention has been reported frequently due to radiation exposure such as blistering of the skin, hair loss, and erythema due to prolonged procedures. By applying ergonomically manufactured Bismuth (atomic number 83; Bi) shield to endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms, we aimed to minimize radiation exposure of scalp and lens from medical radiation exposure. The measurement site was the posterior part of the head, bilateral temporal part, bilateral quadriceps part, nose part, and the measuring part was attached to the optically stimulated Luminescence dosimeter (OSLD) Before and after the use, the entrance surface dose was compared and analyzed. The average entrance surface dose of group A (unshield) was 92.44 mGy, and group B was measured at 67.55 mGy. The average decrease in Group B was 26.92% compared to Group A. The entrance surface dose mean of the occipital region was measured at 146.08 mGy B group at 103.23 mGy and decreased by an average of 29.32% in group B compared to group A. The average entrance surface dose of the bilateral temporal part was measured in group A at 101.90 mGy group B at 72.69 mGy and decreased by an average of 28.67% in group B compared to group A. The average entrance surface dose for bilateral quadriceps part was measured at 27.51 mGy group B at 21.39 mGy and averaged 22.26% less in group B than group A. It is believed that the use of bismuth shields will be an alternative to reducing radiation disturbance due to temporary hair loss and other stochastic effects that may occur after the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms procedure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.101-114
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• 2019

In this study, we carry out the numerical simulation to trace the yearly shoreline change of Mang-Bang beach, which is suffering from erosion problem. We obtain the basic equation (One Line Model for shoreline) for the numerical simulation by assuming that the amount of shoreline retreat or advance is balanced by the net influx of longshore and cross-shore sediment into the unit discretized shoreline segment. In doing so, the energy flux model for the longshore sediment transport rate is also evoked. For the case of cross sediment transport, the modified Bailard's model (1981) by Cho and Kim (2019) is utilized. At each time step of the numerical simulation, we adjust a closure depth according to pertinent wave conditions based on the Hallermeier's analytical model (1978) having its roots on the Shield's parameter. Numerical results show that from 2017.4.26 to 2017.10.15 during which swells are prevailing, a shoreline advances due to the sustained supply of cross-shore sediment. It is also shown that a shoreline temporarily retreats due to the erosion by the yearly highest waves sequentially occurring from mid-October to the end of October, and is followed by gradual recovery of shoreline as high waves subdue and swells prevail. It is worth mentioning that great yearly circulation of shoreline completes when a shoreline retreats due to the erosion by the higher waves occurring from mid-March to the end of March. The great yearly circulation of shoreline mentioned above can also be found in the measured locations of shoreline on 2017.4.5, 2017.9.7, 2017.11.7, 2018.3.14. However, numerically simulated amount of shoreline retreat or advance is more significant than the physically measured one, and it should be noted that these discrepancies become more substantial for the case of RUN II where a closure depth is sustained to be as in the most morphology models like the Genesis (Hanson and Kraus, 1989).