• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 2014

Purpose : By taking advantage of each imaging modality, the use of fused CT/MRI image has increased in prostate cancer radiation therapy. However, fusion uncertainty may cause partial target miss or normal organ overdose. In order to complement such limitation, our hospital acquired MRI image (Planning MRI) by setting up patients with the same fixing tool and posture as CT simulation. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of the Planning MRI through comparing and analyzing the diagnostic MRI image and Planning MRI image. Materials and Methods : This study targeted 10 patients who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and prescribed nonhormone and definitive RT 70 Gy/28 fx from August 2011 to July 2013. Each patient had both CT and MRI simulations. The MRI images were acquired within one half hour after the CT simulation. The acquired CT/MRI images were fused primarily based on bony structure matching. This study measured the volume of prostate in the images of Planning MRI and diagnostic MRI. The diameters at the craniocaudal, anteroposterior and left-to-right directions from the center of prostate were measured in order to compare changes in the shape of prostate. Results : As a result of comparing the volume of prostate in the images of Planning MRI and diagnostic MRI, they were found to be $25.01cm^3$(range $15.84-34.75cm^3$) and $25.05cm^3$(range $15.28-35.88cm^3$) on average respectively. The diagnostic MRI had an increase of 0.12 % as compared with the Planning MRI. On the planning MRI, there was an increase in the volume by $7.46cm^3$(29 %) at the transition zone directions, and there was a decrease in the volume by $8.52cm^3$(34 %) in the peripheral zone direction. As a result of measuring the diameters at the craniocaudal, anteroposterior and left-to-right directions in the prostate, the Planning MRI was found to have on average 3.82cm, 2.38cm and 4.59cm respectively and the diagnostic MRI was found to have on average 3.37cm, 2.76cm and 4.51cm respectively. All three prostate diameters changed and the change was significant in the Planning MRI. On average, the anteroposterior prostate diameter decrease by 0.38cm(13 %). The mean right-to-left and craniocaudal diameter increased by 0.08cm(1.6 %) and 0.45cm(13 %), respectively. Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, it was found that the total volumes of prostate in the Planning MRI and the diagnostic MRI were not significantly different. However, there was a change in the shape and partial volume of prostate due to the insertion of prostate balloon tube to the rectum. Thus, if the Planning MRI images were used when conducting the fusion of CT/MRI images, it would be possible to include the target in the CTV without a loss as much as the increased volume in the transition zone. Also, it would be possible to reduce the radiation dose delivered to the rectum through separating more clearly the reduction of peripheral zone volume. Therefore, the author of this study believes that acquisition of Planning MRI image should be made to ensure target delineation and localization accuracy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.297-305
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• 1998

Recently, several alternatives have been attempted in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to reduce morbidity of traditional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Among new modalities, transurethral electrovaporization (TEVP) is considered as a promising alternative. To evaluate the safety and initial efficacy of JEVP using the roller loop electrode (ProSurg Inc. USA) on BPH patients, we compared the results of TEVP with those of TURP and visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP). In this study, a total of 115 patients with symptomatic BPH were underwent TEVP (n=17), TURP (n=59) or VLAP (n=39) since 1995. Before treatment, patients were evaluated with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the measurement of maximal uroflow rate (MFR) and postvoid residual urine (PVR). After treatment, the operative and hospital records were reviewed. The uroflowmetry and IPSS were re-evaluated 3-10 months after treatment. In clinical outcome of re-evaluation compared to the preoperative parameters, there was a clinically significant improvement in three procedures. TEVP resulted in 62% reduction in IPSS (TURP, 73% : VLAP, 69%), 84% improvement in MFR (TURP, 113% : VLAP, 91%), and 74% reduction in PVR (TURP, 88% : VLAP, 78%). TEVP had shorter duration of hospitalization and catheterization than the others. TEVP was associated with lower rates of treatment-related complication than TURP. In conclusions, TEVP is considered as a useful procedure to treat symptomatic BPH. And, the advantages of TEVP over TURP include excellent intraoperative hemostasis, lower morbidity, shorter hospital stay and simple technique. In addition the advantages over VLAP include lower cost, shorter duration of catheterization and early symptom improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.1220-1232
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• 2023

The prostate cancer diagnosis has traditionally been based on a systematic biopsy method in which tissue samples are randomly obtained from the prostate 10-12 sites. However, there are concerns as the method can fail to diagnose all prostate cancers or lead to over-detection of clinically insignificant cancers. MRI-guided prostate targeted biopsy has been proposed to address these shortcomings. This method involves identifying suspicious lesions using MRI and performing targeted biopsies under ultrasound or MRI guidance. We review the methods of MRI-based targeted biopsy and discuss recent guidelines and trends in prostate cancer diagnosis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

목적 : 이 연구는 Vipera lebetina turanica의 사독약침파(蛇毒藥鍼波)(Snake venom toxin, SVT)이 in vitro에서 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성억제와 apoptosis 관련 단백질의 발현 조절을 통하여 세포자멸사(Apoptosis)를 유도하는지 in vivo에서 또한 전립선 암세포주인 PC-3 세포의 성장을 억제하는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법 : SVT를 처리한 후 PC-3의 성장억제를 관찰하기 위해 WST-1 assay, CCK-8 assay를 시행하였고，Apoptosis evaluation에는 DAPI, TUNEL staining assay를 시행하였으며，Apoptosis regulatory proteins의 변화 관찰에는 western blot analysis를 시행하였고，apoptosis와 연관된 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성 변화를 관찰하기 위해 EMSA시행하였으며，SVT의 핵내이동을 관찰하기 위해 Immunofluorescence Staining, Confocal immunocytochemistry를 시행하였으며，전립암세포의 종양형성에는 흉선을 제거한 쥐에 Tumorigenecity study를 시행하였다. 결과 : PC-3 세포에 SVT를 처리한 후，전립선 암세포의 성장，Apoptosis의 유발，Apoptosis관련 단백질의 발현，$NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성，SVT의 PC-3세포 핵내 이동여부 및 흉선제거 후 PC-3 세포를 이식한 쥐의 종양형성과정에 미치는 영향을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. PC-3 세포에서 SVT를 처리한 후 세포성장이 억제되고，세포자멸사가 유도되며，조절인자인 p53, caspase-3, -9는 증가되었고，Bcl-2는 감소되었다. 2. PC-3 세포에서 SVT를 처리한 후 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성이 유의하게 감소되었다. 3. DAPI로 염색된 상태에서 SVT가 PC-3 세포의 핵내로 이통되는 것이 관찰되었다. 4. 흉선제거 후 전립선 암세포주를 이식한 쥐에서 SVT를 피내로 주입한 결과 전립선암의 크기와 무게가 유의하게 감소하였다. 결론 : 이상의 결과는 SVT가 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성 억제를 통하여 인간 전립선암세포주인 PC-3의 세포자멸사를 유발함으로써 증식억제 효과가 있음을 입증한 것이며，이를 재확인한 생체 연구에서의 긍정적인 결과는 향후 SVT의 전립선암의 예방과 치료에 대한 효과적인 치료제 개발에 초석이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2012.06b
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• pp.345-347
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 4-조각 전립선 병리조직 영상을 기하 보정 및 강체 정합하여 자동 스티칭하는 방법을 제안한다. 4-조각 병리영상에 대하여 총 3번의 스티칭을 수행하는데, 좌, 우 조각영상의 상, 하 영상 간 스티칭을 각각 수행 한 후 좌, 우 조각 영상 간 스티칭을 수행한다. 강체 정합 전 병리 조각의 코너를 이용해 x-축, y-축 방향의 위치보정과 회전보정을 수행하는 기하보정 단계를 거침으로서 지역적 최적해로의 수렴을 방지하며, 강체 정합의 정확성을 높인다. 병리영상은 전체적으로 밝기값이 유사하므로 밝기값이 아닌 외곽선 정보를 이용하여 조각 영상간의 거리를 최소화시켜 강체 정합한다. 실험 결과, 4-조각 전립선 병리조직 영상이 지역적 최적해에 수렴하지 않고, 조각 영상 간 거리를 최소화 하며, 하나로 스티칭 됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 제안 방법의 총 수행 시간은 평균 10.32초로 측정되었다. 본 논문의 제안 방법은 4조각으로 나뉜 전립선 병리조직 영상을 하나로 스티칭 함으로서 해당 조직의 전체 구조 파악 및 조직 내에서의 암의 위치 파악에 사용 될 수 있으며 이를 통한 전립선암의 확진에도 사용 될 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.78-88
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• 2001

전립선 암은 미국의 경우 남성에게서 발생빈도가 가장 높은 암이며, 폐암 다음으로 높은 cancer death를 보이고 있다. 우리나라에서도 매 해 진단을 받는 환자 수가 증가하는 추세에 있으며, 이들 중 대부분은 말기로 진단을 받고 있다. 발생원인은 여러 가지 연구가 진행되고 있음에도 불구하고 확실히 밝혀지고 있지는 않은 상태이다 . 전립선 암은 다른 종류의 암에 비해 비교적 서서히 진행되는 한편 다른 암들과 마찬가지로 초기에는 자각증세가 거의 없기 때문에 조기 진단의 중요성이 강조된다. 이 종설에서는 전립선 암의 병기 분류하는 방법과, 그에 따른 치료가 어떻게 달라지며, 최근에 시도되고있는 치료방법으로 어떤 것들이 있고 효과는 어느 정도 인가를 알아보도록 하였다.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.317-322
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• 2017

High-tech medical equipment has increased the utilization of radiation in the medical field. As a result, research on radiation protection using natural materials has become an important social issue. Selenium is a natural substance that is highly expressed in prostate known that an essential role in prostate cells. Selenium was orally administered to Rat and irradiated with 10 Gy of radiation. Then, the prostate tissue w as used as a target organ for 1 day, 7 days and 21 days to investigate the radiation protection effect of selenium through changes of blood components, Superoxide Dismutase and histological changes. As a result, there was a significant protective effect of hematopoietic immune system(hemoglobin concentration, neutrophil, platelet) in the group irradiated with selenium(p<0.05). the observation of tissue changes selenium is an effective component to increase Superoxide Dismutase activity, and it was confirmed that it has an effect of inhibiting the expression of hypertrophy of prostate by irradiation. Therefore, it is considered that selenium can be utilized as a radioprotective agent by inducing prevention of prostate-related diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

Purpose : To quantify the inter-fractional variation in prostate displacement and their dosimetric effects for prostate cancer treatment. Materials and Methods : A total of 176 daily cone-beam CT (CBCT) sets acquired for 6 prostate cancer patients treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were retrospectively reviewed. For each patient, the planning CT (pCT) was registered to each daily CBCT by aligning the bony anatomy. The prostate, rectum, and bladder were delineated on daily CBCT, and the contours of these organs in the pCT were copied to the daily CBCT. The concordance of prostate displacement, deformation, and size variation between pCT and daily CBCT was evaluated using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Results : The mean volume of prostate was 37.2 cm3 in the initial pCT, and the variation was around ${\pm}5%$ during the entire course of treatment for all patients. The mean DSC was 89.9%, ranging from 70% to 100% for prostate displacement. Although the volume change of bladder and rectum per treatment fraction did not show any correlation with the value of DSC (r=-0.084, p=0.268 and r=-0.162, p=0.032, respectively), a decrease in the DSC value was observed with increasing volume change of the bladder and rectum (r=-0.230,p=0.049 and r=-0.240,p=0.020, respectively). Conclusion : Consistency of the volume of the bladder and rectum cannot guarantee the accuracy of the treatment. Our results suggest that patient setup with the registration between the pCT and daily CBCT should be considered aligning soft tissue.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.664-673
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• 1998

초음파학적 검사에 따라 미만성 저에코 영역, 낭포, 다병소성 낭포 및 비후된 피막 등 비정상적 소견을 보이는 전립선에서 추출한 전립선액과 생검조직에서의 LDH 분획비(LDH I/V)의 평균치는 각각 $0.92{\pm}0.55$, $2.69{\pm}0.82$, 정상군(각각 $0.23{\pm}0.20$, $0.57{\pm}0.36$)에 비하여 유의성(p<0.01) 있게 높았다. 세포병리학적 검사에서 전립선 비대증 및 전립선염으로 나타난 비정상군($2.76{\pm}0.77$의 생검조직 LDH 평균분획비는 정상군($1.38{\pm}1.19$)에 비해 유의성 있게 높았으나 전립선액에서는 분획비의 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 배양결과에 따른 전립선액 및 조직시료의 LDH 분획비는 정상군과 비정상군 사이에서의 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 결론적으로 저에코 영역 및 낭포부위는 생검조직과 전립선액의 배양 및 세포병리학적 검사에 따른 비정상성 및 높은 LDH 분획비와 밀접한 연관성을 보였다. 특히 경직장 초음파상에 나타나는 미만성 저에코 영역은 전립선 비대증 및 만성 전립선염 등과 같은 병적 관련성을 내포하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2006

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in older men; the etiology of this disease remains poorly understood. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) both act as androgen via a single androgen receptor. Testosterone is converted to DHT by $5{\alpha}$-reductase in prostatic stromal cells. Progesterone has been reported to inhibit DHT conversion; howevwe, its effect on prostatic stromal cells remains to be elucidated. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, we investigated the effect of progesterone on androgen receptor expression induced by DHT. We also tested the effect of progesterone on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, as well as prostate stromal cell proliferation using the cell count kit-8. Results: Progesterone did not cause an increase of prostate stromal cell proliferation. The mRNA expression of the androgen receptor and COX-2 were not changed by progesterone; the expressions of androgen receptor and COX-2 proteins were decreased by progesterone in prostate stromal cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that in prostate stromal cells, progesterone decreases androgen receptor protein expression, which results in decrement of COX-2 protein expression. This effect might be mediated by post-transcriptional regulation.