• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.245-246
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• 2007

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-102
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• 1997

The absolute absorbed dose can be determined according to the measurement conditions; measurement material, detector, energy and calibration protocols. The purpose of this study is to compare the absolute absorbed dose due to the differences of measurement condition and calibration protocols for photon beams. Dosimetric measurements were performed with a farmer type PTW and NEL ionization chambers in water, solid water, and polystyrene phantoms using 6MV photon beams from Siemens linear accelerator. Measurements were made along the central axis of 10cm $\times$ 10cm field size for constant target to surface distance of 100cm for water, solid water and polystyrene phantom. Theoretical absorbed dose intercomparisons between TG21 and IAEA protocol were performed for various measurement combinations of phantom, ion chamber, and electrometer. There were no significant differences of absorbed dose value between TG21 and IAEA protocol. The differences between two protocols are within 1％ while the average value of IAEA protocol was 0.5％ smaller than TG21 protocol. For the purpose of comparison, all the relative absorbed dose were nomalized to NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer and water phantom, The average differences are within 1％, but individual discrepancies are in the range of - 2.5％ to 1.2％ depending upon the choice of measurement combination. The largest discrepancy of - 2.5％ was observed when NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer is used in solid water phantom. The main cause for this discrepancy is due to the use of same parameters of stopping power, absorption coeficient, etc. as used in water phantom. It should be mentioned that the solid water phantom is not recommended for absolute dose calibration as the alternative of water, since absorbed dose show some dependency on phantom material other than water. In conclusion, the trend of variation was not much dependent on calibration protocol. However, it shows that absorbed dose could be affected by phantom material other than water.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2016

Periodical calibrations of radiation detectors are important for accurate quality assurance of therapeutic linac. The measuring instruments such as ion-chamber, thermometer, barometer, and survey meter should be calibrated periodically. Period of calibration for these instruments is suggested 6 month to one year in Korea and two years in other countries nowadays. Therefore, the determination of reasonable period for calibration is needed. In this study, we plan to utilize the results of these survey; frequent in use, how to use and stability of instruments, to determine the optimized period of calibration for the instruments in the departments of radiation oncology in Korea based on the ILAC-G24. The SurveyMonkey web-based survey tool was used and the objects of survey were 18 department of radiation oncology in university hospitals, and 15 departments were answered. The 64 questionnaires which supposed to be answered in 50 minutes were classified as the information of candidates, the thermometer, the barometer, the surveymeter, and the ion-chamber. The thermometers and the barometers were not under periodical calibration for more than half of candidates. The periods of calibration of surveymeters were 6 month to 1 year. We expect that the calibration period can be determined based on these survey results.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2013

Recently, the uses of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) for radiation treatment simulation and planning which is used for intensity modulated radiation therapy with high technique are increasing. Because of the increasing uses of MDCT, additional doses are also increasing. The objective of this study is to evaluate the absorbed dose of body and skin undergoing in MDCT scans. In this study, the exposed dose at the surface and the center of the cylindrical water phantom was measured using an pencil ionization chamber, 30 cc ionization chamber and TL Powder. The results of MDCT were 31.84 mGy, 33.58 mGy and 32.73 mGy respectively. The absorbed dose at the surface showed that the TL reading value was 33.92 mGy from MDCT. These results showed that the surface dose was about 3.5% from the MDCT exposure higher than a dose which is located at the center of the phantom. These results mean that the total exposed dose undergoing MDCT 4 times (diagnostic, radiation therapy planning, follow-up et al.), is about 14 cGy, and have to be considered significantly to reduce the exposed dose from CT scan.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.46-46
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• 1999

터보분자펌프(turbomolecular pump, TMP)는 각종 연구장비, 반도체 제조장치, 가속기, 핵융합 실험 장치 등 여러 분야에서 가장 널리 쓰이는 고진공 펌프로서 자리잡고 있다. 이런 TMP의 광범위한 사용에도 불구하고 성능평가에 관한 통일된 규격이 마련되어 있지 않다. 국제 규격협회(ISO)의 터보분자펌프 성능평가방법 시안을 토대로 제정중인 KS 규격은 아직 실험적인 근거를 자체적으로 가지고 있지 못하므로 앞으로 각 항목들에 대한 많은 실험이 수행되어야 한다. TMP의 성능을 나타내 주는 항목들 중 배기속도(pumping speed)와 압축비(compression ratio)는 가장 중요한 것들로서 다른 고진공 펌프 및 TMP 상호간의 성능을 비교할 수 있는 기본 항목이라 할 수 있다. 본 실험에서는 종래의 단순 TMP와 큰 기체유량에서도 안정된 배기속도를 유지하는 복합터보분자펌프(compound molecular pump, CMP)의 배기속도와 압축비 및 임계배압(critical backing pressure)을 KS 규격안대로 시험 평가하여 안의 평가방법과 기준의 타당성을 검토하고, 두 가지 다른 방식의 펌프에 적용할 수 있는지를 검토하였다. TMP 및 CMP 흡기구에 표준용기를 부착하고 수소 및 질소 기체를 사용하여 흡기구 압력을 변화시키면서 배기속도 및 압축비를 측정하고 배기구 압력을 변호시키면서 최대압축비 및 임계배압을 측정하였다. 흡기구의 압력측정에는 인출형 전리진공계(EG)를 사용하였고, 배기구의 압력측정은 전기용량의 격막진공계(CDG)와 피라니 진공계로 측정하였다. 진공계는 모두 회전식 점성진공계(SRG)로 교정한 후 사용하였다.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.126-133
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• 2007

A head-and-neck phantom was designed in order to evaluate remotely the quality of the delivery dose of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in each institution. The phantom is homogeneous or inhomogeneous by interchanging the phantom material with the substructure like an air or bone plug. Monte Carlo simulations were executed for one beam and three beams to the phantom and compared with ion chamber and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements of which readings were from two independent institutions. For single beam, the ion chamber results and the MC simulations agreed to within about 2% TLDs agreed with the MC results to within 2% or 7% according to which institution read the TLDs. For three beams, the ion chamber results showed -5% maximum discrepancy and those of TLDs were $+2{\sim}+3%$. The accuracy of the TLD leadings should be increased for the remote dose monitoring. MC simulations are a valuable tool to acquire the reliability of the measurements in developing a new phantom.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2009

Purpose: To compare the accuracy and efficacy of EDR2 film, a 2D ionization chamber array (MatriXX) and an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device (EPID) in the pre-treatment QA of IMRT. Materials and Methods: Fluence patterns, shaped as a wedge with 10 steps (segments) by a multi-leaf collimator (MLC), of reference and test IMRT fields were measured using EDR2 film, the MatriXX, and EPID. Test fields were designed to simulate leaf positioning errors. The absolute dose at a point in each step of the reference fields was measured in a water phantom with an ionization chamber and was compared to the dose obtained with the use of EDR2 film, the MatriXX and EPID. For qualitative analysis, all measured fluence patterns of both reference and test fields were compared with calculated dose maps from a radiation treatment planning system (Pinnacle, Philips, USA) using profiles and $\gamma$ evaluation with 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm criteria. By measurement of the time to perform QA, we compared the workload of EDR2 film, the MatriXX and EPID. Results: The percent absolute dose difference between the measured and ionization chamber dose was within 1% for the EPID, 2% for the MatriXX and 3% for EDR2 film. The percentage of pixels with $\gamma$%>1 for the 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm criteria was within 2% for use of both EDR2 film and the EPID. However, differences for the use of the MatriXX were seen with a maximum difference as great as 5.94% with the 2%/2 mm criteria. For the test fields, EDR2 film and EPID could detect leaf-positioning errors on the order of -3 mm and -2 mm, respectively. However it was difficult to differentiate leaf-positioning errors with the MatriXX due to its poor resolution. The approximate time to perform QA was 110 minutes for the use of EDR2 film, 80 minutes for the use of the MatriXX and approximately 55 minutes for the use of the EPID. Conclusion: This study has evaluated the accuracy and efficacy of EDR2 film, the MatriXX and EPID in the pre-treatment verification of IMRT. EDR2 film and the EPID showed better performance for accuracy, while the use of the MatriXX significantly reduced measurement and analysis times. We propose practical and useful methods to establish an effective QA system in a clinical environment.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 1998

It is required to measure air density correction factor at the time of absorbed dose calibration or measurement. In general, thermometer and barometer are widely used for air density correction. However, this can be done using the radioactive check device with better accuracy. The measurements of air density correction were performed by using the radioactive check device, Unidos electrometer, and 0.6 cc Farmer-type ion chamber of PTW under the different environmental conditions. Above experiments were repeated with thermometer and barometer. By comparing the two methods, they were within the difference of 0.2 %. The overall uncertainty for the dose found in thermometer and barometer was 1.2 - 1.6 %, depending upon either one step or two, whereas the overall uncertainty for the radioactive check device was 1.02 %. This method may reduce the possible error which could occur when thermometer and barometer are not calibrated at regular basis.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.495-498
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose an DAP system for dose evaluation of medical and industrial X-ray generator. Based on the DAP measurement technique using the Ion-Chamber, the proposed system can clearly measure the exposure radiation dose generated by the diagnostic X-ray apparatus. The hardware part of the DAP measures the amount of charge in the air that is captured by an X-ray. The high-speed processing algorithm part for cumulative radiation dose measurement through microcurrent measures the amount of charge captured by X-ray at a low implementation cost (power) with no input loss. The wired/wireless transmission/reception protocol part synchronized with the operation of the X-ray generator improves communication speed. The PC-based control program part for interlocking and aging measures the amount of X-ray generated in real time and enables measurement graphs and numerical value monitoring through PC GUI. As a result of evaluating the performance of the proposed system in an accredited testing laboratory, the measured values using DAP increased linearly in each energy band (30, 60, 100, 150 kV). In addition, since the standard deviation of the measured value at the point of 4 division was ${\pm}1.25%$, it was confirmed that the DAP showed uniform measurements regardless of location. It was confirmed that the normal operation was not less than ${\pm}4.2%$ of the international standard.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

This study focused on effects of patient exposure dose reduction with AEC (Auto Exposure Control) marker that is designed for showing location of AEC in X-ray Chest radiography. It included 880 adults who have to use Chest X-ray Digital Radiography system (DRS, LISTEM, Korea). AEC (Ion chambers are posited in top of both sides) are used to every adult and set X-ray system as Field size $17{\times}17inch$, 120kVp, FFD 180cm. 440 people of control group are posited on detector to include both sides of lung field and the other 440 people of experimental group are set to contact their lung directly to Ion chamber (making marker to shows location). Then, measured every DAP and, estimated patient effective dose by using PCXMC 2.0. The average age of control group (M:F=245:195) is 53.9 and the average BMI is 23.4. BMI ranges from under weight: 35, normal range: 279, over weight: 106 to obese: 20 and average DAP is 223.56mGycm2, Mean effective dose is 0.045mSv. The average age of experimental group (M:F=197:243) is 53.7 and the average BMI is 22.7. BMI ranges from under weight: 34, normal range: 315, over weight: 85 to obese: 6 and average DAP is 207.36mGycm2, Mean effective dose is 0.041mSv. Experimental group shows less Mean effective dose as 0.004mSv (9.7%) than control group. Also, patient numbers who got over exposure more than 0.056mSv (limit point to know efficiency of AEC marker) is 65 in control group (14.7%), 19 in experimental group (4.3%) and take statistics with t-Test. The statistical difference between two groups is 0.006. In order to use proper amount of X-ray in auto exposure controlled chest X-ray system, matching location between ion chamber and body part is needed, and using AEC marker (designed for showing location of ion chamber) is a way to reduce unnecessary patient exposure dose.