• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 1999

Graphite and carbonaceous materials intercalate and deintercalate Li-ion reversibly into their layered structures. These materials show an excellent capacity for using a negative electrode in Li-ion batteries, because the electrochemical potential of Li-ion intercalated carbon is almost identical with that of lithium metal. Carbon used in this study was obtained by the pyrolysis of petroleum pitch, and heat-treated at the several temperatures between $700^{\circ}C$ and $1300^{\circ}C$. XRD analysis revealed that crystallization of carbon increased with increasing the heat treatment temperature. Charge/discharge properties were studied by a constant-current step at the rate of 0.1C, and the interfacial reaction between the electrolyte and the surface of carbon electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Cell capacities were investigated in terms of the heat treatment temperature and the cycle number. Reversible capacity increased with the heat treatment temperature up to $1000^{\circ}C$, thereafter decreased continuously. Also, charge capacity decreased with the cycle number, while the reversibility improved with it.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.1743-1750
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• 2003

DC motor requires a rotor speed sensor for accurate speed control. The speed sensors such as resolvers and encoders are used as a speed detector, but they increase cost and size of the motor and restrict the industrial drive applications. So in these days, many papers have reported in the sensorless operation of DC motor〔3­5〕. This paper presents a new sensorless strategy using neural networks〔6­8〕. Neural network has three layers which are input layer, hidden layer and output layer. The optimal neural network structure was tracked down by trial and error, and it was found that 4­16­1 neural network structure has given suitable results for the instantaneous rotor speed. Also, learning method is very important in neural network. Supervised learning methods〔8〕 are typically used to train the neural network for learning the input/output pattern presented. The back­propagation technique adjusts the neural network weights during training. The rotor speed is gained by weights and four inputs to the neural network. The experimental results were found satisfactory in both the independency on machine parameters and the insensitivity to the load condition.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.07c
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• pp.1938-1940
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• 2003

본 연구는 요소 센서 제작을 위한 과정으로서, 전기화학적 방법을 이용한 다공질 실리콘 구조 형성과, PDV(Physical Vapor Deposition) 법에 의한 백금 박막 코팅 및 전기화학적 전도성 고분자 코팅과 urease 고정화 단계를 고찰하고 감도 특성을 제시 하였다. 전극 기질로서 B을 도우핑한 p-type 실리콘웨이퍼를 사용하였고, HF:$C_2H_5OH:H_2O$=1:2:1의 부피비를 갖는 에칭 용액에서 5분간 -7 $mA/cm^2$의 일정 전류를 가하여 폭 2 ${\mu}m$, 깊이 10 ${\mu}m$의 다공질 실리콘(PS) 충을 형성하였다. 그 위에 200 ${\AA}$의 Ti 층을 underlayer로서 증착하고, 2000 ${\AA}$의 Pt를 중착하여 PS/Pt 박막 전극을 제작하고, 전도성 고분자로서 polypyrrole (PPy), 또는 poly(3-mehylthiophene) (P3MT)을 전기화학적으로 코팅한 후, urease(EC 3.5.1.5, type III, Jack Bean, Sigma)를 고정화 하였다. 고정화 시 전해질 수용액의 pH는 7.4로 하여 urease표면이 음전하를 갖도록 하고, 전극에 0.6 V (vs. SCE(Saturated Calomel Electrode))의 일정 전압을 가함으로써 urease가 전도성 고분자 표면에 전기적으로 흡착되도록 하였다. 이상의 방법으로 제작한 요소 센서의 감도는 PPy와 P3MT를 전자 전달 매질로 사용한 경우, 각각 8.44 ${\mu}A/mM{\cdot}cm^2$와 1.55 ${\mu}A/mM{\cdot}cm^2$의 감도를 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2000

다이아몬드에 버금가는 높은 경도뿐만 아니라 높은 화학적 안정성 및 열전도성 등 우수한 물리화학적 특성을 가진 입방정 질화붕소(cubic boron nitride)는 마찰.마모, 전자, 광학 등의 여러 분야에서의 산업적 응용이 크게 기대되는 재료이다. 특히 탄화물형성원소에 대해 안정하여 철계금속의 가공을 위한 공구재료로의 응용 또한 크게 기대된다. 이 때문에 각종의 PVD, CVD 공정을 이용하여 c-BN 박막의 합성에 대한 연구가 광범위하게 진행되어 많은 성공사례들이 보고되고 있다. 그러나 c-BN 박막의 유용성에도 불구하고 아직 실제적인 응용이 이루어지지 못한 것은 c-BN 박막의 증착직후 급격한 박리현상 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 평행자기장을 부가한 ME-ARE(Magnetically Enhanced Activated Reactive Evaporation)법을 이용한 c-BN 박막의 합성에서 적용한 증착공정 인자들의 변화에 따른 박리특성 고찰과 함께 다층박막화 및 제 3원소 혼입 방법을 적용하여 박리특성 향상 정도를 조사하였다. BN 박막합성은 전자총에 의해 증발된 보론과 (질소+아르곤) 플라즈마의 활성화반응증착(Activated Reactive Evaporation)에 의해 이루어졌다. 기존의 ARE 장치와 달리 열음극(got cathode)과 양극(anode) 사이에 평행자기장을 부가하여 플라즈마의 증대시켜 반응효율을 높였다. 합성실험용 모재로는 p-type으로 도핑된 (100) Si웨이퍼를 30$\times$40mmzmrl로 절단 후, 10%로 희석된 완충불산용액에 10분간 침적하여 표면의 산화층을 제거한 후 사용하였다. 박막실험실에서의 주요공정변수는 기판바이어스 전압, discharge 전류, Ar/N2가스유량비이었다. 합성된 박막의 결정성 분석을 FTIR을 이용하였으며, BN 박막의상 및 미세구조관찰을 위해 투과전자현미경(TEM;Philips EM400T) 분석을 병행하였고, 박막의 기계적 물성 평가를 위해 미소경도를 측정하였다. 박리특성의 고찰은 대기중에서의 자발적 박리가 일어나 90%이상의 박리가 진행된 시점까지의 시간을 측정하였고, 증착직후 박막의 잔류응력 변화와 연관하여 고찰해 보았다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.196.2-196.2
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 분자선 에피택시 (MBE)법으로 성장된 InAs submonolayer quantum dot (SML-QD)을 태양전지에 응용하여 광학 및 전기적 특성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 양자점 태양전지(quantum dot solar cell, QDSC)의 구조는 n+-GaAs 기판 위에 n+-GaAs buffer와 n-GaAs base layer를 차례로 성장 한 후, 활성영역에 InAs/InGaAs SML-QD와 n-GaAs spacer layer를 8주기 형성하였다. 그 위에 p+-GaAs emitter, p+-AlGaAs window layer를 성장하고 ohmic contact을 위하여 p+-GaAs 를 성장하였다. SML-QD 구조의 두께는 0.3 ML 이며, 이때 SML-QD의 적층수를 4 stacks 으로 고정하였다. SML-QD 와의 비교를 위하여 2.0 ML크기의 InAs자발 형성 양자점 태양전지(SK-QDSC)과 GaAs 단일 접합 태양전지 (reference-SC)를 동일한 성장조건에서 제작하였다. PL 측정 결과, 300 K에서 SML-QD의 발광 피크는 SK-QD 보다 고에너지에서 나타나는데(1.349 eV), 이것은 SML-QD가 SK-QD보다 작은 크기를 가지기 때문으로 사료된다. SML-QD는 single peak를 보이는 반면, SK-QD는 dual peaks (1.112 / 1.056 eV)을 확인하였다. SML-QD의 반치폭(full width at half maximum, FWHM)이 SK-QD에 비하여 작은 것으로 보아 SML-QD가 SK-QD보다 양자점 크기 분포의 균일도가 높은 것으로 해석된다. Illumination I-V 측정 결과, SML-QDSC의 개방 전압(VOC) 과 단락전류밀도(JSC)는 SK-QDSC의 값과 비교해 보면, 각각 47 mV와 0.88 mA/cm2만큼 증가하였다. 이는 SK-QD보다 상대적으로 작은 크기를 가진 SML-QD로 인해 VOC가 증가되었으며, SML-QD가 SK-QD 보다 태양광을 흡수할 수 있는 영역이 비교적 적지만, QD내에 존재하는 energy level에서 탈출 할 수 있는 확률이 더 높음으로써 JSC가 증가한 것으로 분석 된다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.55-64
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• 2020

Estimating the state of charge (SOC) of a battery is essential for increasing the stability and reliability of a photovoltaic system. In this study, battery SOC estimation methods were proposed using artificial neural networks (ANNs) with gradient descent (GD), Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The charge start voltage and the integrated charge current were used as input data and the SOC was used as output data. Four models (ANN-GD, ANN-LM, ANN-SCG, and ANFIS) were implemented for battery SOC estimation and compared using MATLAB. The experimental results revealed that battery SOC estimation using the ANFIS model had both the highest accuracy and highest convergence speed.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.60-63
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• 2023

The AlGaN/GaN heterostructure has high electron mobility due to the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) layer, and has the characteristic of high breakdown voltage at high temperature due to its wide bandgap, making it a promising candidate for high-power and high-frequency electronic devices. Despite these advantages, there are factors that affect the reliability of various device properties such as current collapse. To address this issue, this paper used metal-organic chemical vapor deposition to continuously deposit AlGaN/GaN heterostructure and SiN passivation layer. Material and electrical properties of GaN HEMTs with/without SiN cap layer were analyzed, and based on the results, low-frequency noise characteristics of GaN HEMTs were measured to analyze the conduction mechanism model and the cause of defects within the channel.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.493-500
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• 2023

In this study, we developed an impedance sensor capable of controlling electrode polarization by coating iridium oxide (IrO_x) on the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode. IrO_x was deposited on the surface of carbon electrodes according to the number of cycles (0~50 cycles) by cyclic voltammetry. Observation of scanning electron microscope images revealed that the size and number of IrO_x particles increased as the number of cycles increased. The changes in impedance responses as a function of the NaCl concentration of the as-obtained sensors were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensors manufactured in 50 cycles exhibited the best coefficient of determination and reproducibility, attributed to the well-controlled electrode polarization. We further demonstrated the usefulness of the IrO_x-based sensor as a diagnosis sensor for dry eye syndrome by comparing the results of the commercially available osmometer and our sensor using actual solution samples.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.551-557
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• 2013

In the present study, pristine carbon nanotube (p-CNT) and thiolated carbon naotube (t-CNT) electrodes were investigated to improve their detectabilities for cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). In addition, we evaluate which reaction mechanism is used when the electrolyte contains both Cd and Pb metals. Square wave stripping was employed for analyzing the sensitivity for the metals. A frequency of 30 Hz, a deposition potential of -1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a deposition time of 300 s were used as optimal SWSV parameters. t-CNT electrodes show the better sensitivity for both Cd and Pb metals than that of p-CNT electrodes. In case of Cd, sensitivities of p-CNT and t-CNT electrodes were $3.1{\mu}A/{\mu}M$ and $4.6{\mu}A/{\mu}M$, respectively, while the sensitivities for Pb were $6.5{\mu}A/{\mu}M$ (p-CNT) and $9.9{\mu}A/{\mu}M$ (t-CNT), respectively. The better sensitivity of p-CNT electrodes is due to the enhancement in the reaction rate of metal ions that are facilitated by thiol groups attached on the surface of CNT. When sensitivity was measured for the detection of Cd and Pb metals present simultaneously in the electrolyte, Pb indicates better sensitivity than Cd irrespective of electrode types. It is ascribed to the low standard electrode potential of Pb, which then promotes the possibility of oxidation reaction of the Pb metal ions. In turn, the Pb metal ions are deposited on the electrode surface faster than that of Cd metal ions and cover the electrode surface during deposition step, and thus Pb metals that cover the large portion of the surface are more easily stripped than that of Cd metals during stripping step.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 2006

The choice of solvents for electrolytes solutions is very important to improve the characteristics of charge/discharge in the Li-ion battery system. Such solvent systems have been widely investigated as electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. In this paper, the electrochemical properties of the solid electrolyte interphase film formed on carbon anode surface and the solvent decomposition voltage in 1 M LiPF6/EC:MA(x:y) electrolyte solutions prepared from the various mixing volume ratios are investigated by chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy. As a result, the solvent decomposition voltages are varied with the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Electrochemical properties of the passivation film were different, which are dependent on the mixture ratio of the solvents. Therefore, the most appropriate mixing ratio of EC and MA as a solvent in 1 M $LiPF_6/(EC+MA)$ system for Li-ion battery is approximately 1:3 (EC:MA, volume ratio).