• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2015

In the slope stability analysis and design, Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and Shear Strength Reduction technique (SSR) are mainly used. Both methods are able to perform two and three dimensional analysis. SSR is considered to be more sensitive and more reasonable than LEM by many researchers. However, in practice LEM is still widely used because of the increase of analysis time and complexity of the model in SSR. In this study, three dimensional analysis of the protruding rock slope is performed by SSR in order to study the effects of protruding length using rock slope FLAC 3D. In this study, as results of analysis variations of the safety factor have been studied according to slope angle, slope height, the soil strength, protruding slope length projected variables. The results show that the factor of safety as more affected by the shapes of the protruding rock slope than the rock strength.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2007

A method was suggested by You et al. (2000) to calculate safety factor of a tunnel based on numerical analysis with the shear strength reduction technique. In the method, the shotcrete is assumed to fail when its stress exceeds the allowable stress. The proposed method had been steadily developed by You et al. (2005) and Han et al. (2006). In this study, the previous routine was corrected so that tunnel construction sequences could be considered in calculating the safety factor of a tunnel. In addition, a proper way to model shotcrete is to be suggested by comparing with the previous studies.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.621-640
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• 2019

Quantitative stability assessment of underground cavities can be presented as a factor of safety based on the Shear Strength Reduction Method (SSRM). Also, SSRM is one of the stability evaluation methods commonly used in slope stability analysis. However, there is a lack of research that considers the relationship between the probability of occurrence of cavities in the ground and the potential failure surface of the slope at the same time. In this study, the effect of small underground cavities on the failure behavior of the slope was analyzed by using SSRM. Considering some of the glaciology studies, there is a case that suggests that there is a cavity effect inside the glacier in the condition that the glacier slides. In this study, the stability evaluation of underground cavities and slope stability analysis, where SSRM is used in geotechnical engineering field, was carried out considering simultaneous conditions. The slope stability analysis according to the shape and position change of underground cavities which are likely to occur in the lower part of a mountain road was analyzed by using SSRM in FLAC3D software and the influence of underground cavities on the slope factor of safety was confirmed. If there are underground cavities near slope potential failure surface, it will affect the calculation of a factor of safety. The results of this study are expected to be basic data on slope stability analysis with small underground cavities.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 2009

In this study, a numerical analysis was performed to predict the sequential behavior of anchored retaining wall where the failure accident took place, and verified accuracy of prediction through the comparisons between prediction and field measurement. The emphasis was given to the wall behaviors and the variation of sliding surface based on the two different methods of elasto-plastic and finite element (shear strength reduction technique). Through the comparison study, it is shown that the bending moment and the soil pressure at construction stages produce quite similar results in both the elasto-plastic and finite element method. However, predicted wall deflections using elasto-plastic method show underestimate results compared with measured deflections. This demonstrates that the elasto-plastic method does not clearly consider the influence of soil-wall-reinforcement interaction, so that the tension force (anchor force and earth pressure) on the wall is overestimated. Based on the results obtained, it is found that finite element method using shear strength reduction method can be effectively used to perform the back calculation analysis in the anchored retaining wall, whereas elasto-plastic method can be applicable to the preliminary design of retaining wall with suitable safety factor.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.6C
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• pp.295-301
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• 2009

In general the stability of soil nail-slope system, the shear resistance is neglected because the tensile resistance of nail acts mainly for slope stabilization. This is because that deformed steel is generally used for nail and it does ductile behavior. In other side when the steel pipe with high rigidity is used for nail, the shear resistance at failure surface work more than deformed steel. In order to analyze effects of shear resistance at the soil nail-slope system with high steel piped nail, a series of numerical analyses were performed. Also numerical analyses at 3 conditions - 5 nailed, 7 nailed, 9 nailed at the same slope were perfomed for investigating the trend of shear resistance effect. From these 3D numerical analyses, it was found that the maximum shear resistances at each nails were larger in case of steel piped nail and because of this, the factor of safety at the condition of the steel piped nail appears larger than that of deformed steel nail.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.327-338
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to establish a concept of the factor of safety of tunnels which is a quantitative estimate of the stability of tunnels. Based on this concept, a numerical technique which calculates the factor of safety of tunnels was developed. To obtain the safety factor of a tunnel, the strength reduction technique in which a series of analyses are repeated with reduced ground strength until the tunnel collapses were employed. With this technique, the failure plane, as well as the factor of safety, can be obtained without prescribing the trial failure plane. Analyses were conducted with FLA $C^{2D}$(ver3.3), a geotechnical analysis program which is based on the finite difference method. From the result, the location of plastic zones, the maximum convergence and the maximum stress generated in the support system were also analyzed. The result shows that factors of safety are higher for the 1st and 2nd rock classes, and lower for the lower rock classes. Furthermore, factor of safety is higher when $K_{0}$ =0.5 compared to at in case of $K_{0}$ =2.0. Through this research, it is found that the factor of safety defined in this research can be used as a good quantitative index representing the stability of tunnels. Also, close examination of the results can help adjustment of the quantity and location of additional supports.s.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2001

절리가 발달한 암반사면의 경우, 토사사면의 안전율 평가를 위해 널리 이용되는 한계평형법을 이용한 해석법은 파괴 활동면을 가장할 수 없기 때문에 사용이 곤란하다. 한편, 비등방 탄소성 모델(편재절리모델)을 사용하여 2조의 절리군을 가진 암반사면의 안전율을 계산할 수 있는 방법이 개발되었지만, 이 방법은 개별절리를 효과적으로 고려하지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 개별절리를 고려한 불연속체 해석에 의한 암반사면의 안정성 해석시 사면의 안전율을 평가하는 기법을 개발하였다. 이를 위해, 절리 전단강도 감소기법을 적용하였으며, UEDC의 내장 언어인 FISH를 사용하여 프로그램을 개발하였다. 또한 실제 절리 암반사면을 대상으로 절리를 측정하고, 개발된 기법에 의한 사면의 안전율을 구하였으며, 동일한 사면에 대해 등가연속체로 가정한 편재절리모델 해석을 수행하여 결과를 비교하였다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.19-24
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• 2010

Generally, slope behavior is analyzed by 2-dimensional creep model. Creep behavior shows the deformation variation as time goes by without stress increment. Convention 2-dimensional creep analysis does not have the term of stress variation, it means creep analysis could not figure out the relationship of shear strength variation according to the stress variation and displacement. The slope weight and shear strength is directly related and interlocked to the safety variation and displacement of slope, therefore, this phenomenon could be treated and analyzed as combining the hysteresis and creep, the iteration of this process will result in the slope safety. Furthermore, the combined analysis will be the slope analysis considering shear stress, displacement and shear strength with time variation. In real case, because the variation of shear stress and strength happen at the same time, they should be changed into safety factor which is function of them. This paper shows the 3-dimensional variation of unit weight of soil with hybrid analysis considering creep and hysteresis on the seepage and drainage of rainfall, futhermore variations of shear stress and strength which make the safety factor change.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.65-74
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• 2003

This paper presents the results of a comparative study between FEM and LEM on slope stability analysis. For validation, factors of safety were compared between FEM and LEM. The results from the two methods were in good agreement. This suggests that the FEM with the shear strength reduction method can be effectively used on slope stability analyses. A series of analyses were then performed using the FEM for various constitutive laws, slope angles, flow rules, and the finite element discretizations. Among the findings, the finite element method in conjunction with the shear strength reduction method can provide reasonable results in terms of safety. Also revealed is that the results of FEM can be significantly affected by the way in which the type of constitutive law and flow nile we selected.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.90-90
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• 2011

최근 전 세계적으로 지진의 발생 빈도가 증가하며 그 규모도 점차 커지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 대형지진의 발생 시 저층 구조물의 붕괴로 인한 인명 및 사회, 경제적 피해가 두드러짐에 따라 기존 저층 구조물의 내진보강기법에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행 중인 추세이다. 우리나라의 경우 강도증가형 내진보강공법이 주를 이루고 있어 다양한 내진보강기법의 개발 및 적용이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지진입력하중 저감형 내진보강기법으로서 강재댐퍼시스템을 제안하여 구조적 성능을 파악하고, 이를 적용한 보강 실험체와 비보강 실험체를 제작하여 정적가력실험을 통하여 그 성능을 비교하였다. 제안된 강재댐퍼시스템은 입력에너지를 소산시키는 내부의 슬릿형 댐퍼와 이를 지지하는 기둥 및 외부 프레임으로 구성되며, 내부 댐퍼는 먼저 항복하여 에너지를 소산시키기 위하여 지지기둥 및 프레임에 사용된 강재보다 강성 및 강도가 적게 계획되었다. 강재댐퍼의 성능실험 결과, 비교적 안정적 거동을 하며, 강성과 강도 및 에너지 흡수능력이 우수하게 나타났다. 보강 및 비보강 실험체의 골조는 기존 학교 건축물의 표준도면을 기준으로 하여 골조의 일부를 대상으로 60% 축소율을 적용하여 계획하였으며, 보강 실험체는 미리 제작된 강재댐퍼시스템을 골조 내에 설치하여 에폭시 주입법으로 부착시공 하였다. 보강 및 비보강 골조 실험체의 정적가력 실험결과 비보강 실험체는 기둥의 휨 항복 후 변형의 증가에 따라 휨 및 전단 균열이 증가하면서 최종적으로 기둥이 전단파괴 되었으며, 보강 실험체는 비보강 실험체에 비하여 기둥 및 보의 균열이 적고, 골조에 골고루 분포되어 파괴 규모가 감소하였다. 최대 강도면에서 보강 실험체는 비보강 실험체에 비하여 약 3.4배 우수하였으며, 초기강성은 약 7배 가량 유리한 것으로 평가되어 제안된 강재댐퍼시스템이 강도면에서 우수한 성능을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 또한 두 실험체의 기둥 주근 및 띠철근의 변형률을 비교한 결과, 비보강 실험체는 대부분의 철근이 항복하여 큰 변형을 일으킨 반면, 보강실험체에서는 철근의 항복현상이 나타나지 않았고 댐퍼가 항복을 하면서 큰 변형을 일으켰다. 이를 통해 지진하중 입력 시 댐퍼에서 입력 에너지를 흡수하여 큰 하중을 부담하며, 기존의 구조부재에는 입력 에너지가 낮아 손상이 보다 적게 발생함을 확인하였다.