• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 2015

A subsea pipeline for oil/gas transportation or gas injection is subjected to extreme variations in internal pressure and temperature, which can involve a strain rate effect on the pipeline material. This paper describes the flow stress characteristics of a pipeline material called API 5L X52N PSL2, using and experimental approach. High-speed tensile tests were carried out for two metal samples taken from the base and weld parts. The target temperature was 100℃, but two other temperature levels of –20℃and 0℃ were taken into account. Three strain rates were also considered for each temperature level: quasi static, 1/s, and 10/s. Flow stress data were proposed for each temperature level according to these strain rates. The dynamic hardening behaviors of the base and weld metals appeared to be nonlinear on the log-scale strain rate axis. A very high material constant value was required for the Cowper-Symonds constitutive equation to support the experimental results.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.256-263
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• 2015

Electric resistance spot welding has been used to join overlapped steel sheets in automotive bodies. Recently to reduce weight in automotive vehicles, non-ferrous metals are being used or considered in car bodies for hoods, trunk lids, doors parts, etc. Various welding processes such as laser welding, self-piercing rivet, friction stir welding are being used. In the current study, a new electric resistance heated friction stir spot welding is suggested for the spot welding of non-ferrous metals. The welding method can be characterized by three uses of heat -- electric resistance heating, friction stir heating and conduction heating of steel electrodes -- for the fusion joining at the interfacial zone between the two sheets. The welding process has variables such as welding current, diameter of the steel electrodes, revolutions per minute (rpm) of the friction stir pin, and the insert depth of the stir pin. In order to obtain the optimal welding variables, which provide the best welding strength, many experiments were conducted. From the experiments, it was found that the welding strength could be reached to the required production value by using an electrode diameter of 10mm, a current of 7.6kA, a stirring speed of 400rpm, and an insert depth of 0.8mm for the electric resistance heated friction stir spot welding of 5052 aluminum 1.5mm sheets.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1987

The evaluation of the elastic-plastic fracture toughness $J_{1C}$ was performed on the center of weld metal(CWM), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal (BM) of API 5LB steel pipes welded by the high frequency electric resistance welding. The $J_{1C}$ was evaluated by the JSME R-Curve and JSME SZW methods using the smooth and side-grooved specimens. The results are as follows; (1) The $J_{1C}$ values by the SZW method are overestimated as compared with those by the R-curve method, because the micro-crack is formed as SZW increase with the deformation at SZ after initiation of the ductile crack. (2) The everage of $J_{1C}$ values by the the R-curve and the SZW methods in side-grooved specimens tended to decrease in comparison with smooth specimens 9.42% at CWM, 4.2% at HAZ, 23.2% at BM, respectively. (3) The boundary of the fatigue pre-crack, stretched zone, and dimple regions appeared more clearly in side-grooved specimens, for the slight change of SZW in the direction of the plate thickness, as compared with smooth specimens.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2018

Magnesium material could be widely used in the automotive industry because of its high strength to weight ratio, but the electric resistance spot welding process of magnesium sheets is difficult because of its low electric resistance and high thermal conduction and thermal expansion. For this reason, an electric resistance surface friction spot welding process using rotating dies is suggested for the spot welding of magnesium metal sheets. This welding method can be characterized by three heating methods: (1) electric resistance heating on contacted surface, (2) surface friction heating by rotating dies, and (3) thermal conduction heating from heated steel electrodes, for the fusion of metal at the interfacial zone between the two magnesium sheets. This welding process also has variables to explore, such as welding currents, diameters of the steel electrode, and rotating dies. It was found that the welding strength could reach industrial requirements by applying a welding current of 11.0kA, with steel electrodes of 12mm diameter, with rotating dies of 4.4 mm diameter, under the condition of a revolution speed of 1200rpm of rotating dies, for the surface friction spot welding process of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets of 1.4mm thickness.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

The resistance spot welding of high strength steel degrades the weldability because of its high strength with rich chemical composition and coating layer to protect from corrosion. During the each resistance welding process the electrodes tip reacts with coating layer, then subsequently deteriorates and shorten electrode life. In this study, the Al-coated HPF (Hot Press Forming) steels and Zn-coated TRIP steels were used to investigate the electrode life for resistance spot welding. Experimental results show that the reactivity of Al-coating on HPF steels to electrode tip surface behaviors different from the conventional Zn-coated high strength steels. The electrode tip diameter and nugget size in electrode life test of Al-coated HPF steels are observed to be constant with respect to weld numbers. For Al-coated HPF steels, the hard aluminum oxide layer being formed during high temperature heat treatment process reduces reactivity with copper electrode during the resistance welding process. Eventually, the electrode life in resistance spot welding of Al-coated HPF steels has the advantage over the galvanized steel sheets.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2013

The resistance spot welding of high strength steel degrades the weldability because of its high strength with rich chemical composition and coating layer to protect from corrosion. And the weld Expulsion is prone to occur and severely affect the nugget guality when the initial gap between automatic borrowing galvanied steel sheets(SGARC35) and Zn-coateel trip steels(GA580TRIP and GA980 TRIP) exist in resistance spot welding(RSW). RSW is one of the most popular welding processes used to join sheet metals. but weld guality sometimes do creases due to welding condition. in this paper to verity tue weldability using spot welding with the hemispherically concaved electrode, tensile shear strength and cross-tensile strength were measured by a universal test machine. in addition, the nugget size on cross-sectional area of the weld was observed by optical and electron microscopy. As a result, the nugget size of this specimen is increased with increasing welding current and Max load of tensile-shear strength is increased with welding current is increasing.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.644-652
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• 2002

Increasing demands for Electric Resistance Welded pipes of high quality with thick wall require c lose investigations in edge deformation by slitting, strip deformation during break down farming, and difference of circumferential length. In order to obtain good quality of a welding zone, it is necessary to predict the edge shape of the initial strip. The modeling of the multi-pass thick tube roll forming process with rigid plastic finite element method ultra the edge shape prediction of an initial strip with 2nd-degree polynomial regression method are presented. Edge shapes of initial strip have been analyzed by the finite element method and designed by the regression method to satisfy the requirements in target fin pass. It is concluded that the proposed edge design method results in optimal edge shapes sat string the design requirements.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2004

이 논문은 현재에 통용되고 있는 동합금판 C2200, C5210, C7701, C8113 등의 특징 및 용도와 소재의 재질적 특성을 data화하였고, 그 표현의 가능성을 조사하여 수치화하였고, 그 기법실험의 1단계로서 일반접합과 TIG 접합에 대하여, 2단계 실험으로서 망상조직기법과 전해주조기법에 대하여 농하였으며, 이 기법을 응용한, 연구작품의 3가지 사례를 다루었다. 이 때 사용한 동합금은 (주)풍산금속 소재기술연구소 이동우 박사가 지원한 4가지 동합금, 즉 단동, 스프링용 인청동, 스프링용 양백, 백동을 사용하여, 적층기법, 망상조직기법, 융합기법, 전해주조기법을 작품에 따라서 통합 또는 부분적으로 적용시켰다. C2200 의 경우, 황동은 2mm이하의 박판(薄板)에서는 교류 TIG 용접법이 좋으며 그 이상에서는 직류 정극성 TIG 용접법으로, 용접에 의한 잔류 응력부식을 열처리를 250~300도에서 행한다. C5210 의 경우는 고온의 환원성기(還元性氣)중에서도 수소(水素) 취성이 없고 고온에서 O를 흡수하지 않으며, 경화(輕化) 온도도 약간 높아, 용접용으로 매우 적합하다. 일반적으로 Sn을 2-9% P를 0.03-0.4%정도 포함하고 있는데, Sn의 함유량이 증가함에 따라 응고 온도 범위가 광범위해졌으며 용접후의 냉각 시, 열분열 방지에는 TIG용접의 용접속도를 빠르게, 용융지(溶融池)를 작게, 예열 온도는 200도로 하는 것이 좋다. C7701의 경우는 조성범위가 10-20% Ni, 15-30% Zn의 것이 많이 사용된다. 약 30% Zn 이상이 되면(${\alpha}+{\beta}$) 조직이 되어 점성이 낮아지고 냉간 가공성은 저하하나 열간 가공성은 좋다. 양백은 또한 전기저항이 높고 내열, 내식성이 좋다. C8113의 경우는 내해수성, 내마모성이 우수하며 고온 강도가 높고 백동은 10-30% 니켈을 포함하며 완전히 고용(固溶)해서 단상(單相)이 된다. 이 때문에 결정입(結晶粒)도 크게 되기 쉬우며, 구속이 강한 경우 미량의 Pb, P, S라는 분열 감수성이 높아진다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2023

전기자동차 산업은 전 세계적 환경규제 정책과 더불어 각 국 정부의 지원이 맞물려 성장이 가속화 되고 있다. 따라서 전기자동차용 배터리에 대한 수요는 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 전기자동차 배터리 시스템은 다수의 배터리 셀 및 모듈을 전기적으로 연결시켜 하나의 배터리 팩으로 적용된다. 이러한 배터리 셀 및 모듈을 접합하는 기술은 성능, 용량 및 안정성에 직접적인 영향을 주기 때문에 매우 중요하다. 따라서 기계적, 전기적 특성 등 여러 기준들을 고려하여 견고하게 조립되어야 한다. 각각의 접합 기술은 서로 다른 장점과 한계를 가지고 있으며, 배터리 셀에 적용할 때에는 몇 가지 기준이 고려되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 배터리 셀 형태에 따른 접합기술의 적용 현황을 조사하고, 저항 용접 및 레이저, 초음파 등 대표적 접합기술에 대한 특징과 장단점을 제공하고자 한다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2018

In this paper, a double spot welding process, utilizing electric resistance heating dies, is suggested for the spot welding of dissimilar metal plates for drawing and concurrent spot welding. This double welding process has two heating methods for the fusion welding at the interfacial zone between steel and aluminum plates, such as heating method by thermal conduction of electric resistance by welding current induced to heating dies, and heating method by electric resistance between contacted surfaces of two plates by welding current induced to copper electrode. This double welding process has welding variables such as each current induced in heating dies and in copper electrode, outer diameters of heating dies, and edge shape of copper electrode. Experiments for current conditions in welding process should be demanded in order to get successful welding strength. It was known that the welding strength could be reached to the value demanded on industry fields under such welding conditions as heating dies of outer ring dia.12mm contacted on steel plate, as heating dies of outer ring dia. 14mm contacted on aluminum plate, and as copper electrode of dia. 6.0mm, and as 3 times continuous heating method by $1^{st}$ current of 11 kA(9cycle), $2^{nd}$ current 11 kA(60cycle), $3^{rd}$ current 7 kA(60cycle) applied in steel heating dies and copper electrodes, flat edge of copper electrode, for double spot welding process of dissimilar metal plates of steel and aluminum of 1.0 mm thickness.