• Korean Business Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.35-59
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• 2009

The drive for sustainable economic growth for the sub Saharan African region continues to occupy a central place in the debate of how to move the region forward. For decades, governments, policy makers, Non Governmental Organizations and world bodies including the World Bank, IMF, ADB, USIAD and the European Union have engaged policies aimed at bringing solutions to the horrendous poverty crisis to nations of this region. Despite these noble actions and intents, poverty and underdevelopment has prevailed in countries of the region such as Cameroon. Cameroon is mainly an agricultural economy with its products facing declining prices and competition from synthetic substitutes resulting to deficits of balance of trades. This has resulted to borrowing and debt. At the same time, it is a country blessed with an abundance of tourist resources. From the literature review, tourism potency to economic growth is overwhelming. This research was motivated by the quest to find answers to questions such as; why development policies during the last two decades not succeeded in achieving Economic growth in countries of this region particularly Cameroon and why the country/ region still beleaguered by poverty and debt despite haven implemented various economic development plans. In recent years, the role of tourism has become increasingly recognized in its role of economic growth and poverty alleviation. This study attempts to unveil tourism's contribution to economic growth and to push for Tourism development as an al ternative economic growth alternative to Cameroon. Previous economic policies have ignored to tie economic growth within the country's socio-economic, geo-political and environmental circumstances. Findings from this work suggest that any sound economic policy can not afford to ignore the country's stock of both human and fiscal capital. Findings presented herewith validate Tourism as a feasible indigenous economic growth alternative that helps bringing employment, capital investment and protect the environmental ruin.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 2020

Recently, the occurrence of a ship capsizing was analyzed as the main cause of the lack of stability or loss because of the improper management of the center of gravity, the movement of cargo or heavy weight when excessive steering occurs or when navigating during bad weather. Thus, to prevent a ship from capsizing, it is necessary to secure stability to enable the ship's return to its upright position, even if a dangerous heel occurs. The GM is a crucial evaluation factor regarding stability, which the navigation officer uses to preserve stability. In this study, based on the stability data collected from the operating of ships for five years, The GM by ship's type according to the operating status was analyzed specifically such as a ship's length, breadth, and gross tonnage. The feature of the GM distribution according to a ship's length was confirmed, and after performing the correlation analysis between the breadth and the GM, the ratio of the GM to breadth was calculated, and the result was compared with the previous ratio. Additionally, a simple approximation formula and minimum GM for the estimation of the GM by ship type were proposed by the regression analysis of the GM using the gross tonnage (GT)/breadth (B) to reflect the trend of larger ships being built. The results of this study are expected to be used as data for the review of securing a stable GM on ships.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2010

전자제품의 소형화, 경량화, 고집적화가 심화됨에 따라 전자제품을 구성하는 회로의 미세화 또한 요구되고 있다. 이러한 요구는 경성회로기판 (rigid printed circuit board, RPCB) 뿐만 아니라 연성회로기판 (flexible printed circuit board, FPCB) 에도 적용되고 있으며 이에 대한 많은 연구 또한 이루어지고 있다. 연성회로기판은 일반적으로 절연층을 이루는 폴리이미드 (polyimide, PI)와 전도층을 이루는 구리로 이루어져 있다. 폴리이미드는 뛰어난 열적 화학적 안정성, 우수한 기계적 특성, 연속공정이 가능한 장점을 가지고 있으나, 고온다습한 환경하에서 높은 흡습성으로 인해 전도층을 이루는 구리와의 접합특성이 저하되는 단점 또한 가지고 있다. 또한 전도층을 이루는 구리는 고온다습한 환경하에서 산화 발생이 용이하기 때문에 접합특성의 감소를 야기할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고온다습한 조건하에서 sputtering and plating 공정을 통해 순수 Cr seed layer를 가지는 연성회로기판의 seed layer의 두께와 시효시간의 변화로 인해 발생하는 접합특성의 변화를 관찰하고 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 두께 $25{\mu}m$의 일본 Kadena사(社)에서 제작된 폴리이미드 상에 sputtering 공정을 통해 순수 Cr으로 이루어진 각각 두께 100, 200, $300{\AA}$의 seed layer를 형성한 후 전해도금법을 이용, 두께 $8{\mu}m$의 구리 전도층을 형성한 시료를 사용하였다. 제작된 시료는 고온다습한 환경하에서의 접합 특성의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 $85^{\circ}C$/85%RH 항온항습 조건하에서 각각 24, 72, 120, 168시간 동안 시효처리 한 후, Interconnections Packaging Circuitry (IPC) 규격에 의거하여 접합강도를 측정하였다. 시료의 전도층은 폭 3.2mm 길이 230mm의 패턴을 가지도록, 절연층은 폭 10mm, 길이 230mm으로 구성되었으며 이를 50.8mm/min의 박리 속도로 각 시편당 8회의 $90^{\circ}$ peel test를 실시하였다. 파면의 형상과 화학적 조성을 분석하기 위해 SEM (Scanning electron microscope)과 EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy)를 사용하였으며, 파면의 조도 측정을 위해 AFM (Atomic force microscope)을 사용하였다. 또한 계면의 화학적 결합상태를 분석하기 위해 XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)를 통해 파면을 관찰 분석하였다.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.3 s.40
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• pp.47-51
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• 2006

Recently, CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) is one of very important processing in semiconductor technology because of large integration and application of design role. CMP is a planarization process of wafer surface using the chemical and mechanical reactions. One of the most important components of the CMP system is the polishing pad. During the CMP process, the pad itself becomes smoother and glazing. Therefore it is necessary to have a pad conditioning process to refresh the pad surface, to remove slurry debris and to supply the fresh slurry on the surface. A conditioning disk is used during the pad conditioning. There are diamonds on the surface of diamond disk to remove slurry debris and to polish pad surface slightly, so density, shape and size of diamond are very important factors. In this study, we characterized diamond disk with 9 kinds of sample.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

By the trends of electronic package to be smaller, thinner and more integrative, the reliability of interconnection between Si chip and printed circuit board is required. This paper reports on a study of high speed shear energy of Sn-4.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu (SAC405) solder joints with different the thicknesses of electroless Ni-P deposit. A high speed shear testing of solder joints was conducted to find a relationship between the thickness of Ni-P deposit and the brittle fracture in electroless Ni-P deposit/SAC405 solder. A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the fractured pad surface with and without $HNO_3$ vapor treatment. The high speed shear energy of SAC405 solder joint with $1{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit was found to be lower without $HNO_3$ vapor, compared to those of over $3{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit. This could be due to the edge of solder resist in $1{\mu}m$ Ni-P deposit, which provides a fracture location for the weakened shear energy of solder joints and brittle fracture in high speed shear test. With $HNO_3$ vapor, the brittle fracture mode in high speed shear test decreased with increasing the thickness of Ni-P deposit. Then the roughness (Ra) of Ni-P deposits decreased with increasing its thickness. Thus, this gives the evidence that the decrease in roughness of Ni-P deposit for Eelectroless Ni/ Electroless Pd/ Immersion Au (ENEPIG) surface play a critical role for improving the robustness of SAC405 solder joint.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.1 s.32
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• pp.47-109
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• 2006

서양의학상인위남녀근근시재생식기부동적인(西洋醫學上認爲男女僅僅是在生殖器不同的人). 최근(最近), Legato, Marianne J.박사창립료(博士創立了)‘성인지의학(性認知醫學)’학(學), 개시인식도남녀적차이(開始認識到男女的差異), 주장남녀재치료방법상역부동법(主張男女在治療方法上亦不同法), 종이저일연구진입도료신적단계(從而這一硏究進入到了新的段階). 단시한의학종(但是韓醫學從)${\ulcorner}$황제내경(黃帝內經)${\lrcorner}$개시(開始), 취인위남녀재구조상유근본적차이(就認爲男女在構造上有根本的差異), 이차재생리(而且在生理), 병리(病理), 진단(診斷), 치료상야부동(治療上也不同). 기록한의학기본원리적주역적상관서적화(記錄韓醫學基本原理的周易的相關書籍和)${\ulcorner}$황제내경(黃帝內經)${\lrcorner}$, 이급역대적주요한의서적급종사임상적한의사적서적상(以及歷代的主要韓醫書籍及從事臨床的韓醫師的書籍上), 역도인위남녀유차이(亦都認爲男女有差異). 관어남녀적생성(關於男女的生成), 재(在)${\ulcorner}$보제방(普濟方) 방맥총론(方脈總論)${\lrcorner}$적변남녀형생신육론중제출료(的辨男女形生神毓論中提出了男女的形成有異). ${\ulcorner}$동의보감(東醫寶鑑)${\lrcorner}$여기타한의서부동(與其他韓醫書不同), 불시이질병위주(不是以疾病爲主), 이시이신위중심(而是以身爲中心), 즉목차안형상진행료배열(卽目次按形象進行了排列), 차상세지언급료남녀(且詳細地言及了男女). 나요남녀시고정불변적마 불시적(不是的). ${\ulcorner}$동의보감(東醫寶鑑) 신형장부론(身形臟腑論)${\lrcorner}$인위(認爲)‘인적형색유차이(人的形色有差異), 장부이유이(臟腑易有異), 고외증수동(故外症雖同), 치법인인이이(治法因人而異).’ 안형상선용부동적치법적관점(按形象選用不同的治法的觀点), 이통과주단계지언이표명(已通過朱丹溪之言而表明). 불변관점상여자체격소이동(不變觀点上女子體格小易動), 남자체격대이와(男子體格大易臥). 남자속양기이산(男子屬陽氣易散). 여남자정서초차(如男子情緖稍差), 즉음주해수(卽飮酒解愁), 불이득우울증(不易得憂鬱症). 응보기정기(應補其精氣). 여자속음기이울체(女子屬陰氣易鬱滯), 다유인기지성질(多有忍氣之性質), 이득우울증(易得憂鬱症), 고다용산기약(故多用散氣藥). 간단이언(簡單而言)‘남자위병허증(男子爲病虛證), 여자위병실증(女子爲病實證).’ 종변화적관점래용약(從變化的觀点來用藥), 예여남자수소가용여자약적사물탕(例如男子瘦小可用女子藥的四物湯). 여자비가용남자약적사군자탕(女子肥可用男子藥的四君子湯). 여자골장가용남자약적육미지황환(女子骨壯可用男子藥的六味地黃丸). 위료갱용역이해(爲了更容易理解)‘남녀불변화변화적관점재의학적운용(男女不變和變化的觀点在醫學的運用)’, 이임상병례진행설명(以臨床病例進行說明). 재임상상통과형색맥증적합일화변증론치결정처방(在臨床上通過形色脈證的合一和辨證論治決定處方). 즉불능단순적인위(卽不能單純的認爲), 인위시남자취용육미지황환(因爲是男子就用六味地黃丸), 여자취용사물탕(女子就用四物湯). 남자약소가용사군자탕(男子若小可用四君子湯) 사물탕(四物湯) 육미지황탕(六味地黃湯), 이여자약대가용사군자탕(而女子若大可用四君子湯) 이진탕(二陳湯) 평위산(平胃散) 육군자탕(六君子湯). 인차(因此) 남녀재구조(男女在構造) 생리(生理) 병리유근본성차이(病理有根本性差異), 불이형상래구분(不以形象來區分), 용약상시지불변적입장(用藥上是持不變的立場), 이이형상용약(而以形象用藥), 시종변화적입장래고려적(是從變化的立場來考慮的). 인위이남녀위기준종사임상(認爲以男女爲基準從事臨床), 시부합한의학기본원리지음양관(是符合韓醫學基本原理之陰陽觀).

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.443-443
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• 2014

CIS 박막을 제조하기 위한 방법으로 셀렌화(selenization)방식, MOCVD방식, 동시진공증발(co-evaporation)방식, 전착(electrodeposition)방식 등이 있으나, 이러한 방식을 이용하여 CuInSe2 박막을 제조하는 경우 어떤 방법으로든 다원화합물의 조성 및 결정성을 조절하기가 매우 어려운 단점이 있었다. 기판의 온도를 일정 온도로 유지하도록 하고, 증발원을 가열하여 이에 내포된 물질(이원화합물 또는 단일원소)을 증발시켜 기판에 증착이 이루어지도록 하거나, 기판의 온도를 승온시키고 구리 이원화합물을 내포한 증발원을 가열해 물질을 증발시켜 기판에 증착이 이루어지도록 하는 방법으로 기판에 박막이 형성되도록 한다. 기판의 대면적화로 인해 균일한 박막의 형성이 어려워지고 있으며, 이중 15% 이상의 고효율을 보인 방법은 3-stage process를 이용한 동시진공증발방식으로, Cu, In, Ga, Se 등의 각 원소를 동시에 진공 증발시키면서 조성을 조절하여 태양전지에 적절한 전기적, 광학적 특성을 가지는 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)박막을 증착시키는 방법이다. 일반적으로, 실험실에서 연구되고 있는 장비의 구조는 증발원이 아래에 장착되어서 상향 증착되는 방식이다. 본 연구에서 사용된 장비는 하향 증발원이 측면에 장착되어서 하향 증착되는 방식으로 구성하였다. 증착되는 면방향으로, 적외선온도계(pyrometer)가 설치된 시창(viewport)의 오염 등으로 인하여, 지속적인 공정이 이루어지기 힘든 점을 개선하여 증착기판의 후면에 적외선 온도계를 설치하여 기판의 온도변화를 감지하여 공정에 반영할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구에서는 하향식 진공 증발원, 기판후면 온도모니터링모듈 등을 개발 장착하여, CIGS 박막을 제조하였으며, 버퍼층은 moving 스퍼터링법으로 ZnS를 증착하였고, 투명전극층은 PLD(Pulsed Laser Deposition)를 이용하여 제조하였다. 가장 높은 광변환효율을 보인 Al/ZnO/CdS/Mo/SLG박막시료는 유효면적 $0.45cm^2$에 광변환효율 15.65 %, Jsc : $33.59mA/cm^2$, Voc : 0.64 V, FF : 73.09 %를 얻을 수 있었으며, CdS를 ZnS로 대체한 Al/ZnO/ZnS/Mo/SLG박막시료는 유효면적 $0.45cm^2$에 광변환효율 12.45 %, Jsc : $33.62mA/cm^2$, Voc : 0.59 V, FF : 62.35 %를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2005

Display manufacturing process has adopted RCA cleaning, applying to larger area and coping with environmental issue for last ten years. However, the approaching concept of ozonized, hydrogenised, or electrolyzed water cleaning technologies is within RCA clean paradigm. In this work, only electrolyzed anode water was applied to clean particles and organics as well as metals based on Pourbaix concept, and as a test vehicle, MgO particles were introduced to prove the new concept. The electrolyzed anode water is very oxidative with high oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and low in pH of more than 900 mV and 3.1, respectively. MgO particles were immersed in the anode water and its weight losses due to dissolution were measured with time. Weight losses were in the ranges of 100 to 500 micrograms in 250 ml anode water depending on their ORP and pH. Therefore it was concluded that the cleaning radicals in the anode water was at least in the range of 1 to $5{\times}10^{20}$ ea per 250 ml anode water equivalent to $1{\times}10^{18} ea/cm^2$. Hence it can be assumed that the anode water applied to display cleaning from now on $1{\times}10^{10}$ to $1{\times}10^{15} ea/cm^2$ ranges of contaminants are being treated. In addition, it was observed that anode water did not develop micro-roughness on hydrophobic surface while it did on the native silicon oxide.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2016

We live under the consequences of countless decisions, among which significant number of decisions is made by representatives acting on behalf of us. However, individuals often make disparate decisions depending on which identity they are assigned as an agent or with which opponent they are interplaying. In the current research, behavioral discontinuity depending upon actor identity and social relationship was investigated using the ultimatum game. Participants behaved in a more economically rational way when they acted as a group representative compared with when they made decisions as a private individual. However, the direction of the individual-representative discontinuity was reversed when rivalry came into play. Furthermore, more fairness was requested to accept the offers in the interaction with the rival compared with the neutral countergroup. Especially when interacting with the rival group, participants showed contrasting level of decision bias - measured by rejection rate toward unfair offers - according to the degree of mind attribution to the opponent. Specifically, the greater participants attributed a mind to the rival group, the more they rejected the unfair offers from it. The present research is important in that it provides insight into individuals' decision-making in a group context, which sometimes forgoes the financial gain of the entire group and ultimately leads to the sub-optimization of social welfare.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to find out the optimum number of fruiting per a flower cluster on 5 domestic strawberry cultivars (Fragaria${\times}$ananassa Duch.), 'Daewang', 'Ssanta', 'Okmae', 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang'. Therefore, three ways of fruit thinning, 4~5 fruiting, 7~9 fruiting and all fruiting per a flower cluster were compared. After fruit thinning, the first fruit weights were increased from the second flower cluster on 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang', but from the third one on 'Daewang' and 'Ssanta'. There was no difference in first fruit weight by the flower thinning ways on 'Okmae'. The mean fruit weights of all the cultivars were increased and sugar contents also were increased, but acidities were decreased. The peduncle lengths were shortened by fruit thinning, but there was no difference in number of leaf, petiole length and crown diameter. Marketable yields by 4~5 fruiting per a flower cluster than all the fruit setting were higher 4.3% and 6.6% respectively on 'Daewang' and 'Maehyang'. In contrast, the yields were higher 3.1%, 3.5% and 9.1% in 7~9 fruiting per a flower cluster than all fruiting on 'Ssanta', 'Okmae' and 'Seolhyang' respectively. As the result, we could improve the fruit quality and could increase marketable yield by fruit thinning with matching flowering characteristics of those strawberry cultivars.