• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.201-216
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• 2022

Materials and techniques used for two portraits (Jo-nyeon Lee and S ung-in Lee) of the Lee family from Seongju enshrined in Seongsan temple were scientifically analyzed, and based on the data, an optimal replica restoration method was designed. According to the expression technique investigation, both portraits were expressed mainly in line drawing, but there were differences in shoes, pupils, the color expression of flesh, overpainting, and traces of reinforcement. Pigment analysis revealed that a mixture of cinnabar and minium, organic pigment, azurite, malachite, lead white, and yellow pigment were used in common. In the case of Sung-in Lee's portrait, seokganju and atacamite were also used. In addition, comparison with the contemporaneous portraits of gentry showed that the portrait style at the time was found in the two portraits, but the singularity was modified differently there. Based on the scientific analysis, it was decided to replicate the old color restoration for Jo-nyeon Lee's portrait while for Sung-in Lee's portrait, it was decided to replicate the phenomenon. Detailed coloring techniques were presented by supplementing the expression techniques that are difficult to confirm visually using scientific data. In addition, by measuring the chromaticity of representative positions in the portrait for each color and presenting the color reference value calculated as the average value, the current color of the artifact can be replicated and restored based on the objective data as much as possible.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.216-228
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to apply the handheld Raman spectrometer to identify the coloring materials used in a large Buddhist painting (of Maitreya Buddha) at Janggoksa Temple through cross-validation with HH-XRF. An in situ investigation was performed together with use of a digital microscope and HH-XRF analysis to verify the properties of pigments used in the gwaebul ("large Buddhist painting") via a non-destructive method. However, the identification of coloring materials composed of light elements and mixed or overlaid pigments is difficult using only non-destructive analysis data. Unlike in situ investigation, laboratory analysis often required samples yet the sampling is restricted to a small quantity due to the cultural heritage characteristic. Thus, it is necessary to develop a non-destructive in situ method to supplement the HH-XRF data. The large Buddhist painting at Janggoksa Temple was painted mainly using white, red, yellow, green, and blue colors. The Raman spectroscopy provides molecular information, while XRF spectroscopy provides information about elemental composition of the pigments. Analysis results identified various coloring materials: inorganic pigment, such as lead white, minium, cinnabar, and orpiment, as well as organic pigment such as gamboge and indigo. Therefore, it is possible to obtain more information for the identification of pigments; organic pigment and mixed or overlaid pigments, while at the same time minimizing the collection sample and simplifying the analysis procedure compared to previously used methods. The results of this study will be used as basic data for the analysis of painting cultural heritage through a non-destructive in situ method in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.199-203
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• 2004

The azo red pigments for textile printing containing amino-N-substituted benzamide derivatives as diazo components and 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoyl derivatives as coupling components were prepared. They have been printed on cotton, and the fastness, such as light, washing, dry cleaning, rubbing and heat stability was estimated. The new azo red pigments were valuable colorants in case of textile printing.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2014

On this studyed, the Wibongsa BoGwangMyungJun BaekEuiKwanEum wall-painting was conservation of Scientific research ahead. This study carried out Grain size analysis, SEM-EDS, XRD, P-XRF, FT-IR and ultrasonic exploration for wall-painting. As a result, walls layer used to mineral particles size was mixing the medium-texture and fine texture. painting layers pigments used to base paintings was ocher, white pigments was hobun, red pigments was suckganju, green pigments was suckruk. Also BackuiKannon wall-painting walls damage reason of that was long-term physical shocks. painting layers damage was include detachment or powders. it is affected by temperature and humidity. Therefore in the future conservation of wall-paintings through scientific analysis based on such data, conservation processing is performed through the preservation and enhance the stability of the paintings as a basis for the conservation of management can be utilized.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.109-136
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• 2022

This study analyzes the , one of the three panels of 《Welcoming Banquets for the Governor of Pyeong-an》, a documentary painting of the late Joseon Dynasty, with the aim to identify the coloring materials used in the painting. The painting was first imaged at each wavelength in order to minimize the potential problems in the process of analyzing specific parts. This study applied X-rays to identify ink, gold, and organic and inorganic pigments and used infrared rays to find ink and copper-based pigments. It also applied hyperspectral imaging to distinguish organic pigments from black, blue, and green materials. It also analyzed spots selected for each color to identify the following materials: white lead (white), ink/indigo (black), a combination of red lead and cinnabar (red), pink dye, purple dye, iron oxides (brown), orpiment/dye (yellow), malachite/malachite and yellow dye/indigo (green), azurite/white lead and indigo/indigo (blue), indigo and cochineal (violet), and gold leaf (gold). It is expected that more efficient analysis will be made possible by securing a sufficient library for each wavelength.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.712-722
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• 2021

This study presents a method for conserving shamanistic spirits in Chiseonggwang Buddha. Scientific investigation has revealed that these spirits have been subject to degeneration as a result of severe exfoliation and pollution. The materials and preservation treatment techniques used in create these shamanistic spirits were identified through visual inspection and using appropriate scientific equipment. The different types of background paper, background material, and color pigments used in create the shamanistic spirits were analyzed using a colorimeter, stereoscopic microscope, and SEM-EDS techniques. The analysis revealed that the pulp paper was used as the background and synthetic fiber polyester as the background material. In addition, the study of the pigment revealed that the color components were all synthetic, except for red lead [Pb₃O₄] and oyster shell white [CaCO₃]. Moreover, it was confirmed that the green pigment, identified as emerald green [Cu(C₂H₃O₂)₂.3Cu(AsO₂)₂], was a major component of shamanistic spirits in the late 19^th century. The shamanistic spirits in Chiseonggwang Buddha were conserved by identifying raw materials and pigments through this detailed analysis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2017

In this study, various Pigment Red 57:1 samples and also their dispersant were prepared in various synthesis conditions via changing parameters such as synthesis time, pH, derivative content and synthesis temperature in order to analyze the pigment particle behaviors and their spectroscopic and physical properties. Each sample was analyzed using Fourier infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, color spectrophotometer and X-ray diffractometer and their characteristics were compared. As a result, it was possible to control the size of pigment particles by controlling the synthesis conditions.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.245-255
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• 2013

Identification of paint on victim's clothing and a vehicle are valuable for forensic examination when investigating hit-and-run accidents. Automotive paints on clothes are used to prove a victim caused by traffic accident and to identify a suspected vehicle. The comparison of transferred paints between victim's vehicle and suspected vehicle can be an important evidence in reconstructing the accident situation and in discovering the truth. The paints such as white, yellow, red, blue, or black are hard to examine particle shape under a stereomicroscope because of it is not included aluminum, pearl, and mica flakes in the pigments. The aim of this study under forensic aspect is to compare pigment among basecoat layers of solid paints by identifying inorganic elemental compositions and binder resins of pigments using by micro-FT-IR and micro-XRF spectrometer. The pigment samples were analyzed by using two methods of FT-IR: Reflectance and ATR method. Two methods of FT-IR were useful in discriminating binder resins of pigments by comparing characteristic peaks and patterns of spectra. Also, XRF spectrometer could identify the elemental compositions in inorganic pigments of trace paints which are difficult to compare the identification by FT-IR.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.226-245
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• 2019

Beopjusa Gwaebultaeng (Large Buddhist Painting), designated as Treasure No. 1259, was painted in 1766 and featured Yeorae (Buddha) at the center in the style of a single figure. It is the longest existing buddhist painting and was created by Duhun, a painter who was representative of 18th century Korean artists. His other remaining work is Seokgayeorae Gwaebultaeng (1767) in Tongdosa Temple. Considering their same iconography, they are assumed to have used the same underdrawing. Duhun had a superb ability to maintain a consistent underdrawing, while most painters changed theirs within a year. The Beopjusa painting carries significance because it was not only painted earlier than the one in Tongdosa, but also indicates possible relevance to the royal family through its records. Beopjusa Temple is also the site of Seonhuigung Wondang, a shrine housing the spirit tablet of Lady Yi Youngbin, also known as Lady Seonhui. Having been built only a year before Beopjusa Gwaebultaeng was painted, it served as a basis for the presumption that it has a connection to the royal family. In particular, a group of unmarried women is noticeable in the record of Beopjusa painting. The names of some people, including Ms. Lee, born in the year of Gyengjin, are recorded on the Bonginsa Temple Building, the construction of which Lady Yi Youngbin and Princess Hwawan donated money to. In this regard, they are probably court ladies related to Lady Yi Youngbin. The connection of Beopjusa Gwaebultaeng with the royal family is also verified by a prayer at the bottom of the painting, reading "JusangJusamJeonhaSumanse (主上主三殿下壽萬歲, May the king live forever)." While looking into the historical characteristics of this art, this study took an approach based on scientific analysis. Damages to Beopjusa Gwaebultaeng include: bending, folding, wrinkles, stains due to moisture, pigment spalling, point-shaped pigment spalling, and pigment penetration to the lining paper at the back. According to the results of an analysis of the painting pigments, white lead was used as a white pigment, while an ink stick and indigo were used for black. For red, cinnabar and minium were used independently or were combined. For purple, organic pigments seem to have been used. For yellow, white lead and gamboge were mixed, or gamboge was painted over white lead, and gold foil was adopted for storage. As a green pigment, atacamite or a mixture of atacamite and malachite was used. Azurite and smalt were used separately or together as blue pigments.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.23
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• pp.71-90
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• 2020

The scientific analysis of a 'F-51D Mustang Fighter'(Registered Cultural Heritage 666), one of the War Memorial of Korean collections, was carried out. The paint layer and canopy were discolored due to a constant outdoor exhibit. The results obtained through the scientific survey and analysis processes were intended to be used as basic data for the future dismantling and restoration of the fighter. The analysis results for the pigment components have confirmed red oxide of iron, Fe₂O₃ organic pigments, such as Cobalt Blue, phthalocyanine blue, etc., yellow PbCrO₄, white TiO₂, black Fe₃O₄, and gray Fe₃O₄ + TiO₂. It has been also confirmed that Alkyd resin was mainly used for painting. The fighter's canopy was Poly methyl methacrylate(PMMA), and Al was detected as the main component of the fighter body, wings, and tails.