• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.275-304
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• 2014

Due to the rapid progress of globalization, fierce international competition, a declining population, low birth rate and aging population, deficit in a difficult situation at home and abroad, Japan's local governments expand internal and external alliances and partnerships to maximize the economic benefits to the region seeking to enable in the region have efficient allocation of human and material resources through industry support, funding, and administrative efficiency for the purpose of speeding up the formation of a mega regional economies. Union of Kansai Government implements, especially in the wide area of industrial clusters, economic policy need to comprehensive planning and growth strategy such as adjusting the growth strategy attempts to promote the local economy and to enable investment planning and coordination within the current mega regions, These roles are further improving and upgrading their importance of mega regional phase in Japan's regional economic policy.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.663-683
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• 2015

The change of the population pyramid due to low fertility and rapid aging threatens the financial sustainability of National Health Insurance. We construct statistical models for prevalence rates and medical expenses using National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) sample cohort data from 2002-2013. We then project yearly expenditures and income of national health insurance until 2060 that considers various assumptions in regards to future population structure and economic conditions. We adopt a VECM-LC model for prevalence rates and the double exponentially smoothing method for the per capita co-payment of healthcare expense (in which the two models are institution-disease-sex-age specific) to project of national health insurance expenditures. We accommodate various assumptions of economic situations provided by the national assembly and government to produce a financial projection for national health insurance. Two assumptions of dependents ratios are used for the projection of national health insurance income to conduct two future population structures by the two assumptions of aging progresses and various assumptions on economic circumstances as in the expenditure projection. The health care deficit is projected to be 20-30 trillion won by 2030 and 40-70 trillion won by 2060 in 2015 constant price.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.81
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• pp.55-74
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• 2007

지하전철은 고비용 구축에 의한 대량 수송의 실적에도 불구하고 현실적으로 고액의 적자행정에서 벗어나지 못하고 있다. 선진국에서는 비용과 효율성을 위하여 지하전철선호에서 지상 모노레일로 급격한 변화를 가져오고 있다. 특히 경량화에 의한 첨단기술력에서 생산되는 고급 모노레일 카의 쾌적성, 친환경적, 경제성, 저소음, 저오염, 국지적 효율성 등에 의한 유비쿼터스 사회에 기여될 수 있는 최적의 조건을 가지고 있으므로 향후 지자체 위주의 행정에 의한 재정자립도의 확보를 위한 관광지의 개발에 관련된 천연성 지형지물, 인문성 문화제, 조경성 예술분야 등에 효자 상품으로 등극할 것이다. 이에 따라 정책적인 조정에 필요한 법제도 및 지방 조례 등의 조정으로 특색 있고 미래지향적인 모노레일 카의 정책방안의 설정이 시급하다. 특히 지정학적으로 3면이 바다로 위호되어 있고 중국, 러시아, 일본 등의 열강 국들에 육교적인 지정학적인 최상의 관광 및 첨단 한류문화의 교류의 니치성 상품의 활성화로 상대적으로 작지만 큰 경제적인 효과를 가져 올 수 있는 신 수송환경에 적극적인 행정과 민의의 접점에 교두보적인 수송의 르네상스 개념이 필요하다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.477-478
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• 2014

최근 급변하는 한국 보건의료환경 가운데 저출산과 고령화로 인한 생산가능 인구 감소와 보건의료재정의 적자 및 막대한 비용 상승이 전망되면서 보건의료체계에 위기감이 조성되어왔다. 도입 초부터 줄곧 형평성과 접근성을 강조했던 구 건강보험 패러다임에 대해 사회 일각이 지속적으로 수정을 요구해왔으며 보건의료당국은 최근 "선진형 패러다임"으로의 전환을 공식 선언하고 보건의료체계의 개혁을 예고하였다. 이 논문은 한국 보건의료환경을 진단하여 패러다임 전환의 당위성을 제기하며 신 구 패러다임의 비교분석을 통해 신 패러다임의 특징을 도출하고 정책적 시사점을 제시하는데 목표가 있다. 이를 위해 다양한 국내 외 문헌자료와 전문가들의 인터뷰 자료 등 2차 자료를 수집하여 분석을 시도한다. 비교분석결과, 전환된 패러다임 하에서 한국의 향후 보건의료개혁의 방향은 효율성(equity) 강화와 보건의료에 대한 책임주의(stewardship)를 구현할 것임을 도출하였다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1069-1073
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• 2016

The current free-riding subway system for the elderly over 65 years old has been implemented since in 1980. As the aging population increases, the number of free riders also increases. It results eventually in the increase of subsidy from government. In addition, a transfer between subway and bus is not good enough since the free ride system is applied to only subway not to bus. The aim of this study is to analyze the transport card data to understand the impact of free-riding in the viewpoint of economic issues. It aims also to analyze the transfer patterns between public transport. At the end it compares Korea case with international cases and finds out some issues on free-ride systems. Finally, counter-measures aimed at improving the current free-rider system is suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2013

In many cases, operation of regional trunk lines is not profitable to railway operators. Nevertheless, railway operators are under pressure to manage regional trunk lines running under deficits, to better serve public interests. Given this situation, railway operators need to optimize assets by adjusting train schedules or changing the number of trains running. When railway operators judge the operation of a regional trunk line, the B/C ratio is generally used as a management index. This ratio is not considered part of strategic operational policy over the long term, and excessively influenced by the aspects of supply and demand over the short term. Accordingly, this study focused on indices that might be used to prevent worsening deficits and provide long term strategic operation policies, main indices to better measure economic situations, and auxiliary indices to supplement the main index. The main indices were measured in conventional ways to target experts and employees. This study presents quantitative standards, which are intended to be used to create itemized criteria through an Analytic Hierarchy Process, for better decision-making.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 2016

Due to the increasing fiscal burden and structural unbalanced premium/benefit costs, the new reform on the government employees pension system (GEPS) was considered even after the recent reform in 2009. This article examines the various effects of recent amendment in 2015 on GEPS using a simple probabilistic model. We consider effects on both sides, the pensioners and the government. First of all, the expected net value of pension payment for an individual employee was calculated based on the supposed survival distribution. The fairness of individual pension holders was compared using the benefit-cost ratio. Secondly, from pension system users' point of view, the default probability and the government subsidy were examined by Monte-carlo simulation. From the simulation experiment, we could see that the 2015 reform plan indeed reduces the default probability and the size of the fiscal burden of government by increasing the premium and decreasing the benefit. However, the size of the effect is not very standout at this moment because the number of new employees who are fully subject to the reform will be much smaller than the number of previous employees for a while. Thus, the effect of the reform is expected to appear in a slow manner.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.43-54
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• 2011

After implementing "Semi-public management system of intra-city bus", the burden of financial aid for unprofitable routes is on the increase in Busan metro city. It becomes a heavy burden on the local finance, which needs to be resolved for improving the intra-bus system. The rainfall is one of the factors influencing the demands for intra-bus in urban transportation. Motivated by this fact, this study investigates the impact of rainfall on the intra-city bus demand. Actual bus users are surveyed on their patterns and recognition of using the bus according to the amount of rainfall. A rainfall forecast model using ordered probit model is presented, and the elasticity of the intra-city bus utilization to the amount of rainfall is also analyzed. The resulting findings could be applied to promote the use of intra-city buses and also be utilized as basic data for other studies to improve the intra-city bus system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.228-235
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze 3 pilot developments, collectively known as the NYCHA Infill Development, in the Bronx, Brooklyn and NYC, as a case study focusing on the characteristics of the business structure to enhance the public good by ensuring the provision of more affordable housing within the developments. As part of the "Next Generation NYCHA" macroscopic housing policy in NYC, this case is considered to respond to the crisis of affordable housing that reflects the domestic situation. The results of this study may have implications for domestic housing problems. Moreover, it may help to provide diverse methodologies applicable to public housing development.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.49-68
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• 2017

This paper investigates the spillover effect of the U.S. Interest on Korea's interest rate as well as the role of exchange rate in the spillover effects, by utilizing a open macro model on the determinants of long-term interest rates. According to the cointegration estimation and the Impulse response function, it is found that, across both long-term and short-term, there exist the spillover effect of the U.S. Interest on Korea's interest rate. The fiscal deficit and expected exchange rate have significantly positive relationship with the Koreas's long-term interest rate. Further, foreign exchange market intervention in Korea did not have significant effect on the spillover effect. Thus, this study suggests that exchange rate flexibility would not be enough to restrain the spillover effects of the U.S. interest rate.