• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2002

The nonlinear-brittle-plastic model derived from experiments as well as elastic and elasto-plastic models was applied to the analysis of the rock damaged zone around a highly stressed circular tunnel. The depths of stress redistribution and disturbed zone as well as the characteristic behaviors predicted from each numerical model were compared, As the magnitudes and stress differences of in situ stresses increased, influences of stress redistribution and stress disturbance on un(tiled region of rock mass also intensified. As a result, larger stress redistribution and disturbed zone as well as greater deviatoric stress and displacement were obtained by the nonlinear-brittle-plastic model rather than other conventional models such as elasto-plastic and elastic models. from such results, it was concluded that as the magnitudes and stress differences of in situ stresses increased, larger rock damaged zone might be predicted by the nonlinear-brittle-plastic model. Therefore, it is thought that the damage analysis may be indispensable far highly stressed tunnels.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the variations in welding residual stresses in dissimilar metal butt weld due to width of repair welding and re-distribution behaviors resulting from similar metal welding (SMW) and mechanical loading. To this end, detailed two-dimensional axi-symmetric finite element (FE) analyses were performed considering five different repair welding widths. Based on the FE results, we first evaluated the welding residual stress distributions in repair welding. We then investigated the re-distribution behaviors of the residual stresses due to SMW and mechanical loads. It is revealed that large tensile welding residual stresses take place in the inner surface and that its distribution is affected, provided repair welding width is larger than certain value. The welding residual stresses resulting from repair welding are remarkably reduced due to SMW and mechanical loading, regardless of the width of the repair welding.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.257-286
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• 2017

This paper estimates the effects of imaginary repeated increases in excise duties on fuel oil consumption and on their income redistribution according to changes in consumer price index, if the inflation indexation system was introduced right after the second Energy Tax Reform ended in July, 2007 in Korea. In fact, nominal excise rates have not been adjusted since 2007. As a result, the real excise rates on fuel oils have been diminished inversely proportional to the consumer price index. Own- and cross-price elasticities of fuel oils such as gasoline and diesel oil are estimated under the general equilibrium framework based on the linear expenditure system. Counterfactual analyses through microsimulation in a static model are adopted to estimate the effects of introducing inflation indexation into the fuel tax in 2007 when the second Energy Tax reform ended on the fuel consumption and income redistribution in 2014. Microsimulations suggest that its introduction could have reduced the consumption of gasoline and diesel oil by 8.8% and 5.4%, respectively, ending up with increased excise revenue by 11.9%. The revenue increase in spite of decreased consumption is mainly because their demands are price inelastic. It could also have increased positive income redistributive effect by 0.01%p (from 0.12% to 0.13%), which is measured in terms of percentage decrease in Gini coefficient. In other words, the fuel excise on the two fuel oils decreased by 0.13% the Gini coefficient of before and after fuel tax income in 2014. This implies that the inflation indexation could have enlarged the income redistributive effect up to 0.13% in 2014, if it is introduced in 2007.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.97-111
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• 1990

This paper examines the effect of redistributive inheritance tax on income distribution and social welfare. The model used here is the Overlapping-Generations Model consisting of individuals with different bequest motives where the lifetime income distribution in each cohort is determined endogeneously by the dynamic bequest process. It is shown that the introduction of redistributive inheritance tax can improve the vertical equity in the sense that the increase in tax rate reduces the coefficient of variations of intra-cohort income distribution in steady-state. However, it is also shown that, the effect on social welfare, when measured by Benthamite SWF, is uncertain in general. The numerical simulations show that, in spite of its equity-enhancing effect, the tax increase can actually lower the steady-state social welfare within the plausible range of parametric values, through the long-run output effect as well as the deadweight welfare loss incurred by tax distortion. Hence, the problem of equity-efficiency trade-off can arise in this case. However, if both the market interest rate and the elasticity of marginal utility in individual's preference function are sufficiently high, it is shown to be possible that the steady-state social welfare is enhanced by the introduction of inheritance tax.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.121-134
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• 1990

This paper examines the redistributive potential of capital taxations within the two-class overlapping generations model, where only capitalists are intergenerationally linked through heritable capital stocks. In particular, the dynamic welfare incidence of two different capital taxations is examined; first a capital income tax levied uniformly on interest earnings, and second, an estate tax levied on the intergenerational transfers of capital stock within the capitalists' families. Redistributive effects are measured by examining how the permanent and unanticipated changes in proportional capital income tax and estate tax rates affect workers' welfare when the proceeds in each period are distributed, in a lump-sum fashion, among young workers. It is shown that, except for in the short run, both the capital taxes are ineffective and may actually lower the workers' steady state welfare through the shifting of tax burden toward workers from capitalists. Differential incidence analysis shows that redistributive potential is diminished further when the lump-sum transfers are financed by the estate tax rather than by the capital income tax. Although the model examined in this paper is based on simple and strong assumptions, this study suggests that redistributive policy using the capital taxations may only have distortionary effects in the long run, without improving workers' welfare, by incurring dead-weight loss unless additional fiscal measures are implemented to increase the investment incentives.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• 제51권
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• pp.5-28
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues and the characteristics of the recent social security pension debate in the United States. For the purpose the transforming process from the funded system to the pay-as-you-go system in the 1930s, three alternatives of social security reform proposed by the Social Security Administration in 1996, and the other various alternatives proposed by the politicians, the business leaders and the scholars were analysed. While the alternatives were compared, the critical issues could be identified. The core issues were as follows. First, the individual accounts should be newly made or not? Second, who is the main administrator, government or private investment companies? Third, what is important, the inter-generational and the vertical income redistribution effect or the individual equity in social security pension system? Besides, the different positions of the social forces were also examined. The supporters of privatizing the social security pension, supporters of IA and PSA, prefer the value of equity, the effect of promoting savings, the private management of the social security funds, and the investment of the funds to the private capital markets. The supporters of pay-as-you-go system, supporters of MB, prefer the inter-generational and the vertical income redistribution effect of social security pension, and were convinced that fundamental changes of the systems are not necessary, and the insolvency problem could be overcome through a few reform, for example, increasing the rate and decreasing the benefits.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.3-38
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• 2018

This study aims to analyse the redistributive impact of the welfare state growth in Korea after 2000s and establish whether there are people excluded from the benefits of the growth. The growth of the Korean welfare state has been achieved by universalizing welfare benefits under the social insurance-centered institutions which are the legacies of the productivist/developmental welfare regime. When it comes to redistribution impacts, the welfare state growth improved inequality among old age populations to a certain degree due to the introduction of the Basic Pension. On the other hand, welfare benefits for the working poor population has hardly been improved in spite of the growing welfare state. It can be said, therefore, that low-income working-age populations have been excluded from the growth of Korean welfare state. These groups are mostly in middle-old age, unemployed or precariously employed and half of them were female householders. The exclusion of these groups from the Korean welfare state shows that the growth of the Korean welfare state was unbalanced. To include the excluded into the Korean welfare state, it is necessary to increase non-insurance social provisions, extend the range of application of the social insurances, integrate income protection, employment service, and vocational training for the working poor, and combine universal and targeted welfare benefits.

• Product Safety
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• 통권63호
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• pp.38-40
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• 1998

퍼실리티 매니지먼트(facility management;FM)란 새로운 경영관리 기법으로 FM은 토지$\cdot$오피스$\cdot$시설$\cdot$설비$\cdot$기타 경영자산을 단순히 유지하고, 관리하는 것 뿐만 아니라 사업 포트폴리오의 관점에서 경영자산의 효과적인 활용이나 재분배를 도모하는 것을 의미한다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 대한전기학회 1987년도 전기.전자공학 학술대회 논문집(I)
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• pp.633-635
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• 1987

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1996

A stress redistribution process in ground support system is mpdeled taking into consideration of load transfer mechanism of unbalanced load within shotcrete in a rock cavern constructed by NATM. The corresponding analysis model for ground support system is proposed and the elastic behavior of the shotcrete is studied. The effect on the support system due to variation of several design parameters is analysed with the proposed model. The suggested model yields considerably reduced maximum compressive stresses in shotcrete. Both the pressure coefficient in horizontal direction and the elastic modulus of rock mass govern overall responses, whereas the variation of the properties in support system shows a little difference in system responses. Interaction equations for evaluating safety factors for structural members are suggested. The result of this study can be used in the structural safety assessment of underground structures.