• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2013

This study validated microbiological hazards of ginseng farms at the cultivation stage and suggested recommendations to develop a good agricultural practices (GAP) model. A total of 96 samples were collected from cultivation environments (soil, irrigation water, and atmosphere), plants (ginseng and its leaf), personnel hygiene (glove, cloth, and hand) of 3 ginseng farms (A, B, and C) and were tested to analyze sanitary indicator bacteria (aerobic plate count, coliforms and Escherichia coli), major foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus), and fungi. Total bacteria, coliform, and fungi in the 3 ginseng farms were detected at the level of 1.3~6.0, 0.1~5.0, and 0.4~4.9 v/g (or mL, hand, and $100cm^2$), respectively. Only irrigation water collected from one ginseng farm was confirmed to be E. coli positive. In case of pathogenic bacteria, B. cereus was detected at levels of 0.1~5.0 log CFU/g (or mL, hand, and $100cm^2$) in all samples, but other pathogen bacterias were not detected in any samples from all farms. Although E. coli were detected in irrigation water, the level of microbial for the three farms was lower than the regulation limit. According to the results, the ginsengs produced from the 3 farms were comparatively safe with respect to microbiological hazard. However, cross-contamination of bacteria from environments and workers to ginseng has been considered as potential risks. Therefore, to minimize microbial contamination in ginseng, GAP model should be applied for ensuring the safety of ginsengs.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.585-590
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• 2015

As consumers are aware of their health and are more conscious of environmental conditions, there is an increasing demand for organic agri-foods. The present study aims to investigate the physicochemical quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of organic green peppers. The weight, length, moisture content, color (Hunter L, a, b) and hardness were measured for the quality characteristics. In addition, the DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities and total phenolic contents were analyzed for the comparison of antioxidant activities between organically and conventionally grown green peppers. The weight and length of the organically grown green peppers were lower than those of the conventionally grown ones. The moisture content of the organically and conventionally grown green peppers was similar. The L and b values of the organically grown green peppers were higher than those of the conventionally grown ones. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the organically grown green peppers (62.86%) was higher than that of the conventionally grown ones (51.06%). The total phenolic content of the organically grown green peppers was higher than that of the conventionally grown ones, however, there was no significant differences between organically and conventionally grown green peppers (p<0.05). Further studies would be recommended for the evaluation of other characteristics such as flavor, taste, and bioactivity compounds between organically and conventionally grown green peppers.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2021

With the development of sawdust medium cultivation technology, Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) has become the most extensively produced and consumed mushroom globally. In this study, the approximate composition, nutritional components, and bioactive compounds of L. edodes were analyzed and compared for the five sawdust-cultivated shiitake mushrooms cultivars namely Sanjo701ho, Sanjo707ho, Sanjo715ho, Chamaram, and L808. The approximate range of the composition of freeze-dried shiitake mushrooms was 4.06-5.92 g/100 g of ash, 0.75-1.02 g/100 g of crude fat, and 21.24-29.15 g/100 g of crude protein. Sanjo701ho had the highest trehalose content (9.60±0.08 g/100 g), total polyphenol content (3.49±0.04 mg GAE/g), and total flavonoid content (1.33±0.03 mg QE/g) among the other shiitake mushroom cultivars. The total amino acid content was as follows: glutamic acid>aspartic acid>leucine. Glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine contents were significantly decreased in the following sequence: Sanjo707ho, Sanjo715ho, Sanjo701ho, Chamaram, and L808. Crude protein, trehalose, and six types of amino acids were identified as classification indicators for the five cultivars of sawdust-cultivated shiitake mushrooms.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of ginseng properties through bibliographical records. The cultivation of Korean wild simulated ginseng (mountain cultivated ginseng) started from the Goryeo Dynasty around A.D. 1000. Thereafter, from A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1600, ginseng cultivation technology was established in the Joseon Dynasty. At this time, the ginseng was begun to grow in the field near the house, and it is recorded as Gasam (field cultivated ginseng). The Jung-Jo-Sil-Rok (A.D. 1790) states that Gasam cultivation has expanded to the whole country. The properties of ginseng described in almost all oriental medicine books from A.D. 250 to A.D. 1600 were a slightly cold. However, after A.D. 1600, it is said to be slightly warm or warm. Considering from this record, the slightly cold ginseng before A.D. 1600 can be recognized as the properties of wild ginseng or wild simulated ginseng, and the slightly warm ginseng after A.D. 1600 can be recognized as Gasam properties.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2011

This study established hazards which may cause risk to human at farm during cultivation stage of paprika. Samples of plants (paprika, leaf, stem), cultivation environments (water, soil), personal hygiene (hand, glove, clothes), work utensils (carpet, basket, box) and airborne bacteria were collected from three paprika farms (A, B, C) located in Western Gyeongnam, Korea. The collected samples were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major foodborne pathogens), chemical (heavy metals, pesticide residues) and physical hazards. In biological hazards, total bacteria and coliform were detected at the levels of 1.9~6.6 and 0.0~4.610g CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, while Escherichia coli was not detected in all samples. In major pathogens, only Bacillus cereus were detected at levels of ${\leq}$ 1.5 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, while Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metal and pesticide residue as chemical hazards were detected at levels below the regulation limit, physical hazard factors, such as insects, pieces of metal and glasses, were also found in paprika farms. Proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination while physical and chemical hazards were appropriate GAP criteria.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2005

There are various crop diseases in green houses that are caused by the cultural environments, especially high temperature and moisture. To solve the forementioned problems, farmers are overusing agricultural chemicals, causing other damages by the chemical residue. In this study, antagonistic bacteria as biological control agents were isolated to produce the environmentally-friendly crops for use in green houses. Eighteen species of antagonistic bacteria were totally isolated from the soil and plants in the Perilla fields, and AK-17 showed the highest activity among the isolates. According to the results of anti-fungal spectrum against several pathogens by AK-17, the antagonism effect of the isolates was remarkable against grey mold rot by Botrytis cinerea, sclerotinia rot by Sclerotnia sclerotiorum, and stem rot by Rhizoctonia solini. To evaluate the biological control effects of the isolates against the major diseases of Perilla, studies were carried out to evaluate the preventive and the curative effects of the diseases throughout the pot experiments. According to the forementioned experiments, the preventive and the curative effects by the isolates against sclerotinia rot were respectively showed as 55% and 92%. For the grey mold rot, those were 40% and 78%, respectively. As to the evaluation of the growth-promoting effect by AK-17, the length and the biomass of the tested plants were increased to 120% and to 164%, respectively. For the leaf numbers and area were respectively increased to 120% and 220%. Furthermore, AK-17 was identified as Burkhoderia sp. according to the results of physiological properties and genetic methods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 2013

Korean black raspberry fruits (bokbunja) were collected from 11 different producing regions, and commercial black raspberry wines were obtained from 24 manufacturers. Samples were analyzed for soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, reducing sugar content, hunter color values, intensity, hue, total phenolic content, and organic acids. The fruit samples showed similar pH levels (3.43-3.52), but significantly differed in total acidity levels (9.98-16.2 g/L). The predominant organic acids in the fruit samples were citric acids (1.39-5.63 mg/mL) and succinic acids (0.25-6.53 mg/mL). Among the samples, black raspberry fruits from Goksung and Nonsan showed the lowest levels of total phenolic content, and the lowest values in intensity. The fruits from Jeongeup and Sunchang showed higher levels of phenolic content, soluble solids, and intensity. Some wine samples, including BH, KO, SR, and SE, showed overall high levels of phenolic content, organic acids like citric and succinic acid, and color values such as $a^*$, $b^*$, and intensity. Other wine samples, including DW, SC, GJ, and NB, were high in acetic acid, color values like $L^*$, and hue.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.235-237
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• 2005

디지털 형식으로 저장되어 있는 데이터의 불법적인 복사와 재분배는 전자상거래 상에서 디지털 컨텐츠를 판매하는 상점에게 매우 큰 문제가 된다. 핑거프린팅 기법은 암호학적인 기법들을 이용하여 디지털 컨텐츠를 불법적으로 재배포한 사용자를 찾아냄으로써 저작자의 저작권을 보호한다. 비대칭적 핑거프린팅 기법은 대칭적인 기법과 달리 사용자만이 핑거프린트가 삽입된 컨텐츠를 알 수 있어 사용자가 컨텐츠를 재배포했을 경우만 사용자가 고발되는 기법이다. 본 논문에서는 신뢰기관을 이용한 비대칭적 핑거프린팅 기법을 제안한다. 사용자의 핑거프린트는 신뢰기관이 생성하고 사용자의 익명공개키 쌍과 준동형의 암호를 이용하여 컨텐츠에 핑거프린트를 삽입함으로써 상점은 사용자의 핑거프린트를 알 수 없도록 하여 비대칭성을 만족하여 컨텐츠가 재배포되었을 경우 상점은 신뢰기관으로부터 정보를 받아 재배포자를 추적할 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1996

The crop rotation of rice and ginseng in paddy field has very important meaning because up-land field suitable for ginseng cultivation is now being insufficient day by day in main ginseng production area. This studies were conducted to define basic problems related to ginseng cultivation and replanting in paddy field. In Keumsan district, the most serious problem on ginseng cultivation in paddy field was excess of mineral salts left behind in the soil of rice cultivation. The amounts of organic matters, CEC and the mineral elements including potassium were higher in the soil of paddy ginseng field compared to those of upland. Plant growth of 3 and 4 year old ginseng and root yield of four year old ginseng cultivated in paddy field of 1st and replanting were not decreased compared to those of 1st - planting of up-land field, but those were significantly decreased in replanted compared to those of first planted upland field. Crop rotation with ginseng and rice in paddy field seemed to be a good way to avoid hazards of continuous cropping of ginseng with it's outyield of root and less infection of diseases. Amounts of crude saponin and ginsenosides of ginseng cultivated in paddy field were not differ from those of upland field.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2021

Ground-dwelling arthropods are important components in apple orchard providing beneficial ecological services of predation and decomposition as well as herbivory. Groundcovers are managed differentially in organic and conventional apple orchards influencing ground-dwelling arthropod assemblages. We conducted 3-year studies to assess the effects of orchard management relative to weed management on the abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods using pitfall trapping. Most arthropods were classified as higher taxonomical groups and functional feeding guilds, while carabid beetles were classified into species level. Coleoptera was the dominating taxon of all ground-dwelling arthropods. Abundance of herbivores and predators was significantly higher in organic apple orchards than conventional ones. Higher abundance and diversity of carabid beetles were found in organic orchards than in conventional orchards. The abundance of Araneae, Coleoptera, or carabid beetles was negatively correlated to weed management frequency. It was found that ground-dwelling arthropods were more influenced by weed management practices than the farming systems.