• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

In this study, the influence of priming location inside a blast hole on the ground vibration has been studied. In most of the previous studies dealing with the ground vibration, the effect of priming location in a blast hole was usually considered in a limited way. Thus, it seems that the results of the studies can be applicable only to the relevant sites. Considering the fact that the mechanism of ground vibration caused by blasting is quite complex, the priming location can have a considerable effect on the ground vibration in certain situations and be an important parameter in a blasting design. To identify the characteristics of the wave propagation according to priming locations, total 72 test blasts were carried out with different spacing, burden, drilling length, and charge, and prediction equations were derived. The characteristics of ground vibration, which was changed according to the priming location, was analyzed by using the nomogram of peak particle velocity (PPV) record. Attenuation relations, which were also dependent on the priming location, were analyzed. In this case, four different amounts of charge, that is, 0.5, 1.6, 5, and 15 kg, were used for the test. This criterion of charge amount is specified in the "Blasting design and construction guidelines to road construction" by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korea.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2006

The demand of the bulk emulsion explosives is being increased more and more by using the mechanization loading system in a domestic tunnel sites. Thus, a rational design criteria that is suitable for rock and circumstance condition has been required. In this study, authors investigated a optimum specific charging weight and resonable charging weight based on domestic blasting construction cases, which were performed by using a mechanization bulk emulsion explosives loading system up to now. Authors also analyzed the blasting results and got the following formula $({\Upsilon}= 0.669 + (0.0154{\times}RMR),\;r=0.81)$ from the relationship between a optimum specific charging weight of bulk exp. and rock mass rating. A range of resonable charging weight with a drilling depth is calculated considering a rock conditions.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.418-426
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• 2008

A surface blasting method with a single tree face is currently used in Pasir Coal Mine in Indonesia. The single free face is usually the ground surface. This kind of blasting method is easy to use but inevitably causes enormous ground vibrations, which, in turn, can affect the stability of the slopes comprising the various boundaries of the open pit mine. In this regard, we decided to make a specific blasting guideline for the control of found vibrations to ensure the safety of the pit slopes and waste dumps of the mine. Firstly, we derived a prediction equation for the ground vibration levels that could be occurred during blasting in the pits. Then, we set the allowable levels of ground vibrations for the pit slopes and waste dumps as peak particle velocities of 120mm/s and 60mm/s, respectively. From the prediction equation and allowable levels, safe scaled distances were established for field use. The blast design equations for the pit slopes and waste dumps were $D_s{\geq}5\;and\;D_S{\geq}10$ respectively. We also provide several standard blasting patterns for the hole depths of $3.3{sim}8.8m$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 2002

Purpose : The diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum is difficult and delayed because it presents with various clinical symptoms. We evaluated clinical, imaging and pathologic findings of Meckel's diverticulum to facilitate detection of Meckel's diverticulum in children. Methods : Review of clinical, imaging, surgical and pathological findings in 10 children aged 7 days to 14 years with Meckel's diverticulum during an 8-year period, 1993-2001, at Ewha Womans University Hospital was undertaken. Results : The male to female ratio was 2.3 : 1. The chief complaint was painless lower gastrointestinal( GI) bleeding; others were abdominal pain, abdominal distention and vomiting, in order of frequency. The diagonsis before surgery were Meckel's diverticulum in 5 patients, non-reducible intussusception in 3 patients and intestinal obstruction in 2 patients. The diverticulum was located between 35 cm to 70 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The length of the diverticulum ranged from 4 cm to 12 cm and 80% of it was within 5 cm. A Meckel scan($^{99m}Tc-pertechnetate$ scintigraphy) after cimetidine administration was done in 6 cases. All 5 cases that presented with lower GI bleeding had ectopic gastric mucosa confirmed on pathology. Out of 5 cases of ectopic gastric mucosa, only 4 cases were positive on the Meckel's scan. Conclusion : In cases of unexplained GI bleeding, obstruction, or inflammation diagnostic workup should be carried out to rule out Meckel's diverticulum. Laparoscopy, high resolution ultrasonography and computed tomography of the abdomen may be indicated in the assessment of pediatric patient with lower GI bleeding, especially in patients with suspected bleeding from Meckel's diverticulum showing negative Meckel's scan.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Abstract This study is to efficiently calculate and evaluate the elements of advance, overbreak and underbreak on the mine under the production using the 3D laser scanner. For this purpose, a 3D laser scanner was sued to acquire the point-cloud which records the space coordinates and modelling of the underground tunnel using the 3D modeling program. When each element was observed through the study result, the advance on the center cut was 2.6m in average while the total advance was 2.4m. If the drilling length of 3.8m is based, the advance rate was evaluated to be 67% in average in the center cut section with the total average of 64%. In addition, when the volume of overbreak was measured based on the design cross section, the average overbreak volume was found to be $4.5m^3$ on left wall, $4.5m^3$ on right wall, and $5m^3$ on roof with the total volume of $14m^3$. When the overbreak volume is measured based on the look-out cross section, it was $3m^3$ on roof with the total volume of $8.4m^3$. The rate of overbreak volume against the average excavation volume was 8% based on the design cross section and 5% based on the look-out cross section.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.869-875
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• 2011

Ministry of Environment has been promoting BTL business of the sewer rehabilitation which continues from 2005 up to now. Sewer rehabilitation is classified into three parts : wastewater pipe rehabilitation, rainwater pipe rehabilitation and drainage equipment rehabilitation. Drainage equipment rehabilitation is that drainage pipe connects wastewater pipe directly without water-purifier. In the drainage equipment construction, it is inevitable to have the damage of ground structures(wall, gate and U drain, etc) when an open excavation method is used. Therefore it is necessary to develop non-excavation method to connect drainage pipe and wastewater pipe like jacking method to avoid the damage of ground structure. This paper has conducted an analysis of the non-excavation method using a boring machine attached to backhoe, which is issued the verification certificate of environmental technology according to the Development of and Support for Environmental Technology Act, article.7. The index set in this analysis was sectionalized to the condition of construction, the grade of drainage pipe, the size of excavated hole, the amount of waste cement concrete and asphalt concrete and the benefit effect compared to open excavation method.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.A
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• pp.17-28
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• 2006

In underground drilling and blasting, particularly in small headings(generally under $20m^2$), the prospects for changes of blast parameters are usually more limited than those employed by large area tunnel(over $20m^2$). It is also well known that the consumption of explosives and specific drilling rate for small tunnel areas are exponentially increased also tunnel areas decrease. To confirm above results, some tests for two tunnels(irrigation water tunnel with $6.0m^2$ area, electric supplies tunnel with $15.0m^2$) are also carried out in this study. As a results, specific drilling rate and specific charge for irrigation water tunnel were decreased from 13.8 to $7.7m/m^3$ and from 4.88 to $2.56kg/m^3$ respectively. Those for electric supplies tunnel were also decreased from 8.0 to $4.9m/m^3$ and from 3.46 to $2.22kg/m^3$.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.177-184
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• 2005

The Sapaesan tunnel, the longest twin tube tunnel (4km) in Korea with 4 lanes each, is under construction with two years of delayed schedule because of the strong opposition from environmental bodies. Therefore, maximizing the construction efficiency was needed in tunnel project to compensate for time delay. This study includes improvements in the construction of the Sapaesan tunnel such as increasing excavation length and changing excavation sequence. In this paper the system for predicting tunnel face ahead is also introduced. Bulk-Emulsion explosive and Cylinder-Cut method were adopted in tunnel blasting to increase the excavation length. Optimum tunnel excavation step was designed to make up delayed time. Tunnel foe mapping, TSP survey and geological prediction system using computerized jumbo-drill were performed fnr safe construction of long and large twin tube tunnel.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 2014

An almost permanent anchor (friction type) is resistant to ground deformation due to the friction between the soil and grout at a fixed length from the anchor body. The purpose of this study is to calculate the force of bearing resistance for a bearing anchor in enlarged boreholes. We conducted analytical and numerical analyses, along with laboratory testing, to find the quantities of bearing resistance prior to grouting in EBA (Enlarged Bearing Anchor) construction. The force of bearing resistance from the analytical method was defined as a function of general borehole diameter, expanded borehole diameter, and soil unconfined compressive strength. We also employed the Flac 3D finite difference numerical modeling code to analyze the bearing resistance of the soil conditions. We then created a laboratory experimental model to measure bearing resistance and carried out a pull-out test. The results of these three analyses are presented here, and a regression analysis was performed between bearing resistance and uniaxial compression strength. The laboratory results yield the strongest bearing resistance, with reinforcement 28.5 times greater than the uniaxial compression strength; the analytical and numerical analyses yielded values of 13.3 and 9.9, respectively. This results means that bearing resistance of laboratory test appears to be affected by skin friction resistance. To improve the reliability of these results, a comparison field study is needed to verify which results (analytical, numerical, or laboratory) best represent field observations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.40-40
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• 2000

우리나라의 제지산업은 천연펄프 자급능력이 20% 내외로서 낮은 실정이며 주원료의 7 70% 이상을 수입펄프와 고지에 의존하는 원료수급의 불균형이 심화된 상태이다 .. 1999년도 제지통계에 의하면 골판지 원지로 사용되는 라이너지와 골심지의 연간 생산량이 각각 169만 톤과 88만톤을 점유하여 국내 전체 지류생산량 887만톤의 약 29%를 점하고 있다. 이처럼 국내 제지산업에서 큰 비중을 차지하는 골판지 원지는 주로 국내에서 발생되는 고지를 원료 로 하여 생산되고 있어 환경친화적인 지류라 할 수 있다. 그러나, 국산 골판지 고지( Korean O Old Corrugated Container)의 경우 골판지 고지 이외에 각종 인쇄고지와 기타 산업용지가 혼합된 최하급지로서, 고지 재생 시 여러 가지 많은 제한요소를 지니고 있다. 국산 골판지 고지는 거듭된 재생처리로 인하여 미세분의 함량이 전체 지료의 절반에 달할 만큼 많으며, 아울러 섬유가 각질화됨에 따라 재생처리가 거듭될수록 그러한 미세분의 형성이 더욱 조장 되고 있다. 일반적으로 크기 75µm 이하의 무기질 및 단섬유를 일걷는 미세분은 골판지 원지 의 초지시 습지필의 탈수를 저해하여 생산성을 저하시키는 요인이 되어 왔다. 이러한 문제 를 해결하기 위해 선진국에서는 골판지 고지를 스크린 또는 클리너 둥으로 정선 처리하여 장단섬유를 분급한 다음, 장섬유분을 선택적으로 고해하여 종이의 강도를 향상시키는 기술 이 개발되어 적용돼 왔으나, 이러한 기술은 우리 나라와 같이 장섬유 보다 미세분 함량이 많은 저급의 골판지 고지를 주원료로 삼는 골판지 원지의 강도 개선에 큰 효과를 거둘 수 없는 기술이라고 판단된다. 이는 기존의 섬유 분급 처리는 고급 고지의 경우에는 효과적이 나 저급의 혼합고지를 100% 재활용하여 구성되는 국산 골판지의 생산 시에 적용하기에는 5 50-60%에 이르는 미세분이 포함되어 분리의 대상이 섬유장이 다른 펼프 섬유라기 보다는 미세섬유를 펄프섬유로부터 분리하는 것이 필요하기 때문이다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해서는 기포의 수력학적 포집작용을 이용하여 고농도의 미세분을 선택적으로 분급시키는 부상부 유 분급처리방법을 적용하였다. 이 방법은 미세분의 농축을 위한 부가적인 처리가 필요치 않으며, 분급에 천공을 이용하지 않기 때문에 분급처리 시 천공의 plugging 문제가 발생되 지 않는다는 장점도 가지고 있다. 미세분 분급을 위한 최적의 부상부유 조건은 장섬유의 응 집을 촉진하면서 미세분은 그러한 응집체에 포함되지 않은 상태로 자유로이 부상하여 걷혀 지는 경우이다. 응집거동을 조절하기 위한 시도로서 부상부유 처리시 유량을 달리한 실험결 과에 의하면 유량이 낮을수록 장섬유 손실이 줄고 미세분이 선택적으로 포집되나 전체 부상 부유 리젝트의 양이 줄어드는 문제점이 있었다. 이에 본 실험에서는 장섬유의 응집에 영향 하는 또 다른 인자로서 지료의 농도를 증가시키면서, 미세분의 부상부유를 촉진시키도록 유 량을 증가시키는 조건으로 부상부유 처리에 의한 미세분 분급효율을 증가시키고자 하였다.