• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2000

The short-term music therapy was performed for adolescents with conduct disorder admitted to Seoul National Mental Hospital for 3 months from Jun to September, 1998. This case study focused mainly on two female patients who participated regularly in the group music therapy. The music therapy process was divided into three phases；beginning, opening up, and closing. This music therapy session consisted of three parts；hello song as beginning, various musical activities, and sound & movement activity as closing. Free musical improvisation, song discussion, musical monodrama, and sound & movement were the mainly applied techniques. Free improvisation was used to enhance, motivate, identify and contain the adolescents' feelings and ideas. Song discussion was used to convey their thoughts and to support each other. Musical monodrama was used to make them have insights into interpersonal relationships. Sound & movement was used to enhance spontaneity. It made them explore their body and voice as an expressive medium. Throughout three months period of music therapy, patient A's communication skill, socialization, and behavior areas were assessed with improvement. She could use music as a symbolic form and was able to share her feelings about herself and her family. Patient B's self-expression and cognitive areas were assessed with improvement. She became more spontaneous and could verbalize her emotions during the group session. Music as a non-verbal and therefore often a non-threatening medium wherein so much can be expressed provided two female patients an atmosphere where a sense of trust may be regained.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2007

Objective : The present study was carried out in order to assess the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) on victims of school violence, as assessed by the CAPS-CA. Methods : The subjects were 14 children who had experienced school violence and were subsequently diagnosed with PTSD and partial PTSD using the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA). Seven children agreed to participate in CBGT, and they received 10 sessions of therapy. After CBGT, both the CBGT and non-CBGT groups were assessed using the CAPS-CA and School Adaptation Test. Results : The study results showed significant decreases in avoidance (p=0.010) and hyperarousal in the CBGT group (p=0.009) following the completion of CBGT. The analysis of school adaptation showed that there was a significant improvement in peer relationships after CBGT in the CBGT group (p=0.045). Conclusion : CBGT is effective in improving PTSD symptoms in children who experience school violence and subsequently suffer from PTSD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to examine the diagnostic profiles and related clinical variables of children with attention and hyperactivity in psychiatric outpatient clinic. Seventy one children with age range of 5 to 14 were diagnosed by DSM-IV, and assessment battery including KEDI-WISC, KPI-C, ADS(ADHD Diagnostic System) were completed. The subjects were divided into 3 diagnostic groups：ADHD only(n=17), ADHD comorbid(n=27), Other diagnosis(n=27). The results were as follows：In ADHD comorbid group, tic disorder, developmental language disorder, borderline intellectual function, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and learning disorder were combined in descending order. Other diagnosis group consisted of tic disorder, borderline intellectual function, depression/anxiety, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and others. There were significant differences in IQ, PIQ, and VIQ among the three groups, and ADHD only group showed higher scores of IQ and VIQ than ADHD comorbid group. On the KPI-C, there were no significant differences in all subscales among the three groups. On the visual ADS, omission error and sensitivity showed significant differences among the three groups, and ADHD comorbid group represented higher omission error and lower sensitivity than other diagnostic group. The findings indicated that the inattention and hyperactivity symptoms could be diagnosed into diverse psychiatric disorders in child psychiatry, and ADHD children with comorbidity will show more problems in academic performance and school adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-33
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• 1995

The Purpose of this article is to identify the specific characteristics of borderline disorder in adolescence to conceptualize the borderline state as an adolescent process different from borderline personality disorder in adult, and to classify them according to it's unique clinical feature, porcess and outcome. The development of borderline disorder in adolescent, epidemiology, comorbid disorders and differential diagnosis, pre-existing sub-classification systems, and etiology in theories of psychodynamics, biological theories, experimental studies, and follow-up studies are reviewed. The authors conceptualize the adolescent borderline state include all clinical states generated by re-emergence of unresolved rapproachement conflicts in adolescent, and propose that there are four subgroups in adolescent borderline state. (1) Borderline state as an adolescent process. (2) Borderline state associated with psychotic disorders (3) Borderline state as an initial stnge of typical borderline personality disorder (4) Borderline state associated with organic problems. Conceptually, borderline state in adolescence is not a simple continuation of primary failure of separation-individuation but a struggle for mastering unresolved separation-individuation conflicts in adolesance i.e., the second separation-individuation state, and if it fails this time, the struggle might continue into adult life as borderline personality disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2004

Objectives：The study was performed to compare the executive function(EF；Inhibition, Planning and Working memory) between ADHD and normal group, and to controll the effect of age and intelligence. And the function of inhibition was assessed in two dimensions(cognitive inhibition and motor inhibition). Methods：K-WISC III and EF test(Go-No-Go, Stroop test, Tower of Hanoi, Digit) was administered to both 25 children with ADHD and 25 normal control participants, all aged between 7 and 12. The results were analyzed after statistically controlled for age and intelligence. Results：Children in the ADHD group had significantly lower IQ score than those in the control group and consistent relations were found between the child's age and the study's major variables. Once IQ and age were controlled, results indicated that children with ADHD had deficit only cognitive inhibition and motor inhibition. There was no significant difference in planning and working memory. Conclusion：These results suggested that specific deficits in inhibition control rather than general EF deficits are associated with ADHD. So inhibition is the core problem of children with ADHD. Thus, the therapeutic approach focused on cognitive inhibition and motor inhibition is required.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.190-202
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• 1996

This study assessed psychiatrically referred 5-to 13-year-old children who presented inattention or hyperactivity as chief complaints. Demographic characteristics, primary diagnosis, and comorbid psychiatric conditions of them were identified, and they were assessed using questionnaires and neuropsychological tests. Primary diagnoses included ADHD, anxiety disorder, mental retardation, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, developmental language disorder and others. functional enuresis, conduct disorder, and developmental language disorder were among the secondarily diagnosed disorders. In patients diagnosed as ADHD, overall comorbidity rate was 55.3%. The disorders that frequently co-occured with ADHD were specific developmental disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety disorder and other. ADHD groups with or without comorbidity differed in performance IQ and CPT scores. ADHD group differed from externalizing disorders group in the information subscore of IQ, MFFT, and CPT scores, and differed in teachers rating scales, the uncommunication factor of CBCL, and CPT card error compared with internalizing disorders group. The authors concluded that inattentive or hyperactive children should be assessed using various instruments to differentiate other disorders and to identify possible presence of comorbid conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2011

Objectives : This present study examined the power of the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) subscales to predict a DSM-IV diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Methods : The sample included 37 children and adolescents with ODD and 46 normal controls. The participants and their parents were interviewed for clinical diagnosis using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and the parents completed the K-CBCL. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict the diagnosis of ODD. Results : Among the CBCL subscales, Delinquent and Aggressive Behavior scales significantly predicted ODD diagnosis. The means of these CBCL subscales were significantly higher in the ODD group when compared to the controls. Conclusion:Two CBCL subscales (Deliquent and Aggressive Behavior) displayed good diagnostic efficiency for assessing ODD in children and adolescents. Through combining information from the CBCL, an empirical-quantitative approach to psychopathology in children and the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, the results demonstrated that a clinical diagnostic approach is an effective diagnostic paradigm for children with ODD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1998

Objectives：This study was conducted to compare the cognitive characteristics and visual-motor coordination ability of children with Asperger’s disorder and with those of children with PDD NOS. Methods：27 children(13 in AS group and 14 in PDD NOS group) were individually assessed using the K-WISC and BGT, and the results of those tests were analyzed. Results：The mean FSIQ of the AS group was significantly higher than that of the PDD NOS group. There was also a large discrepancy between VIQ and PIQ in the PDD NOS, while there was not significant discrepancy in the AS. The AS was distinguished from PDD NOS group by significantly higher scores in Vocabulary and Comprehension subscales and lower score in Block design. Also, when compared with the PDD NOS, the AS showed more difficulties in visual-motor coordination. Conclusion：The AS showed relatively good verbal and learning ability, while the PDD NOS relatively superior ability in visuospatial function and visual-motor coordination. The findings indicated that the K-WISC and BGT might be useful assessment tool to differentiate the AS from PDD NOS.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.63-84
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of parental differential treatment and social support perceived by adolescents with siblings with special needs on their self-esteem and internalized problems. The subjects comprised one hundred 12- to 18-year-old adolescents with siblings with special needs. The major results of this study were as follows. First, there were significant differences in adolescents' self-esteem by participation in support programs for siblings of children with special needs. Second, there was no significant effect of parental differential treatment on adolescents' self-esteem. Third, there was a significant effect of social support (family, friends, and teachers) on adolescents' self-esteem. Fourth, there was no effects of paternal differential parenting on adolescents' internalized problems. However, there was a significant effect of differential maternal affection on adolescents' internalized problems. Fifth, there was a significant effect of social support, especially in terms of support provided by friends, on adolescents' internalized problems. In conclusion, social support and differential maternal affection both have an important role in adolescents' self-esteem and internalized problems.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2006

Objectives : Present study compared the characteristics in Rorschach responses and Sandplay between ADHD and normal children group. Method : ADHD (excluded inattention type & emotional problem) group and normal group was composed of 10 children respectively. All of them were controlled by Intelligence Quotation. Rorschach responses were scored by Exner system and compared by t-test. For sandplay work, the time was measured and photo was taken. Results : 1) ADHD group showed that the reaction time in Rorschach was significantly fast and they easily failed to recall the responses. The statical significances are 3r+ (2)/R, X-%, Xu%, (2), AG, Afr, SCZI, Wsum 6, FD, Zd, Blends, a. 2) ADHD group showed that the reaction time in Sandplay was significantly fast, they used low materials (total numbers of toy, vehicles) and the work was less coordinated. Conclusion : This results suggest that ADHD children are apt to react, think and coordinate impulsively. Also, Sandplay could be used fur diagnostic method as Rorschach test.