• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.325-347
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• 2010

To provide a satisfactory life for the elderly females who are the most impoverished among the elderly social strata, this study is geared towards, and focused on, the exploration on their attitudes towards death. For the purpose of this study, in-depth interviews with females aged 65 and over, who are officially classified as the beneficiary of national fundamental livelihood security, have been conducted. Then, the results from these interviews have been compiled and analyzed through qualitative research methods. As a result of this research, the attitudes of the destitute elderly females towards death are categorized into several themes, such as 'Feeling close to the death through a hard life', 'Positive acceptance of the death', 'Relying on funeral services from government and religious organization', 'Hoping for a death with dignity'. The attitudes of death means to them that 'they can get out of a hard life', and elderly female beneficiaries were positive in their acceptance of this meaning. Those who could obtain funeral services as a part of assistance from government and a religious organization did not feel stressful about their funeral arrangements. However, there were individuals who didn't know if their funeral services would be covered by the government. They were unsure if a funeral service would be held for them, or they would have nobody to hold a funeral for them. Accordingly, they were worried about that. The poor elderly females were unhealthy and indigent, and so, they had death anxiety. Therefore, based on the study results above, some ideas regarding elderly welfare are proposed to enable poor elderly females to face their deaths with dignity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 2012

Governments and related agencies have made efforts to introduce tree burials (TB) as an alternative to solve the problems involved in the traditional funeral manners. Citizens' TB selection rates are, however, still very low. It is important to understand citizens' perceptions and attitudes towards TB to make people more actively participate in TB. This study examined citizens' knowledge, behavioral belief, attitudes towards selecting TB, intentions to select TB, and their relationship with citizens' socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 320 citizens in Gwang-ju, Korea, completed the survey during May, 2011. Results showed that 65.3% of respondents were aware of TB, and many of them (47.6%) obtained information from TV/Radio. Age, education level, marital status and birth order were related with knowledge about TB. Respondents with higher age or higher education level tended to have higher knowledge rates. The married or the non-eldest sons also had higher knowledge rates. Respondents with higher age or higher education level, and the married tended to have more positive attitudes towards selecting TB and to rate 'unconventional funeral customs' high. Respondents with higher age, education level or married respondents tended to have higher intention to select TB. The knowledge level about TB was positively related with attitudes about TB selection and intention to select TB. The results were discussed and some ways to promote TB were suggested.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 1999

It is already a well-known fact, that Korean attend the funeral ceremonies with their courteous etiquette being derived from their customs succeeded from the old ancient times to the contemporary one, regarding it as of great importance. Especially in the age of Lee Dynasty, the etiquette has been a way of Confucian ideas, which has exerted a harmful influences to Korean society due to the reflection of the dutiful conciousness to the tomb customs, and that the change of the burial site and its construction works became more and more serious and excessive. In the meantime, the population has been increased according to the development of the modern industrialization and the number of the dead has also been increased, which caused the issue on the effective use of the limited national land relating to the tomb culture, as the passing of the time. Consequently, in this study on the design of the charnel house, three aspects, humane aspect pursuing the human value, like naturalism or equalitarianism, circumstancial aspect presenting minimum space and convenient space, and formative aspect expressing convenient space, and formative aspect expressing convenient charnel function, unique form and symbolism, have been considered, in order that the tomb space could be transferred to the place for the meditation looking back the meaning of the life, or the place for the comfort. Above all, the special emphasis has been put on the creation of the tomb culture, harmonizing relaxation, exercise and refinement in everyone's life. And in order to realize it, the special interest and investment should be directed not only to the materialistic culture caused from the whole hearted devotion to the development for advancing society, but to the related parts to the value of the life or spiritual culture, such a sideology, culture or environment etc., which would be led to the entrance to the real advaced country members.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.57-78
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• 2008

According to the previous studies about Shilla's cremate grave, in the process of importing the cremate grave, there has been correlation with Chinese Buddhism, and there have been a lot of mentions about the change of the grave, Yinwha(Stamp) patterns and its existence, and about the characteristics of the vessels to contain the bones. The cremate grave is categorized into two-parts type and mono-type, depending on the dead person. The cremate graves that are in local areas such as Wang-Gyeong, show difference in types. The typical vessel to contain the bones, called "Yeongyeol Gori Yoogaeho" is again proved to have existed from A.D 8c. ~ A.D 9c., judging from the Yinwha pattern stamp's existence. Yet, the Yeongyeol Gori Yoogaeho from 9th century used the patternless pottery, also seen from the Won-wha 10 yeon-myeong cremate grave. Due to the prosperity of Buddhism, when the "Mukuchonggwang Taranikyong(Sutra)", translated into Han language in 704 at Dang, was imported into Shilla, the funeral ceremonies of Shilla people changed from making cremate graves with vessels or scattering the bones in oceans, into building stupas in temples with hopes and wishes to bring oneself and family's fortune and the next life of the dead. As a result, the meaning of "Grave" disappeared for the cremate graves, and rather the ceremony changed into scattering bones and wishing fortunes for the dead person. In other words, the ancestor-worship ceremony which was focused on the tomb changed into commemorating the ancestors and wishing individual fortunes by the religious assembly in temples and the building process of stupas. In conclusion, this social change was the cause of the extinction of stone chamber with tunnel entrance and the tombs such as cremate grave.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.70-81
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• 2023

The choice of business method is a necessary decision at the last moment of life, and to this end, we use several criteria. Our funeral methods were dominated by ancestral worship culture and religion, not nature. It is only recently that nature was used as a means from a human perspective, but natural field methods such as consideration for nature and symbiosis with nature have emerged. The recent high public preference for natural fields is today's strong zeitgeist and nature-friendly values. Based on statistics in 2021, Korea's national cremation rate exceeded 92%, and compared to less than 20% of the cremation rate just 20 years ago, our business method has changed rapidly. As the cremation promotion movement and government policies, which began in the early 90s, were systematically developed, the enshrinement facility was established next to us. However, while this was also subject to criticism of national damage, the Jang Act called natural field was introduced into the system in 2008, and about 15 years have passed, but the revitalization of natural field is slower than expected. One of the reasons for the stagnation of development is to forget the basic spirit of the natural field (once you return to the forest), and to think like a graveyard grave. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the background of the introduction and current operation of natural fields and present development measures to improve memorial services to make natural fields loved by the people.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.310-317
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were to identify the relative importance attributes, deduct the ideal combination of total utility and establish the marketing strategies for quality improvement of foodservice at funeral halls of medical centers. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from 102 funeral foodservice employees and 71 chief mourners or the bereaved. According to the results from a conjoint analysis, among foodservice employees at funeral hall, the relatively important attributes were 'taste (52.84%)', 'menu variety (24.419%)' and 'price (22.741%)'; among chief mourners or the bereaved, they were 'taste (50.004%)', 'price (31.388%)' and 'menu variety (18.008%)'. The ideal combination of total utility was different between funeral foodservice employees and chief mourners or the bereaved; it was higher among chief mourners or the bereaved (1.211) compared to funeral foodservice employees (1.169). Thus, there should an endeavor to improve the foodservice quality in funeral halls of medical centers through better taste, low price and similar menu variety.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.56
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• pp.3-27
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• 2000

Hunting and gathering was the primary way to live in the Korean peninsula during the neolithic age. People were not able to invest much labor in making their tombs because of so much activity for their living. Small tombs like the shallow pit tomb(土壙墓) we

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2012

Changes in social, economical, and cultural environment affect the manner in which mourners greet those expressing condolence to the deceased. While the funeral process was done at home in the past, nowadays, most families prefer a funeral home. Funeral homes provide all necessary services for the funeral process, including food for visitors and rituals. This research was conducted using a questionnaire in the Kyonggido area. Overall food satisfaction level of visitors was moderate; satisfaction with cleanness was the highest, followed by taste, quality, freshness, and diversity. Satisfaction level of foodservice by the type of funeral homes showed home funeral was highest, followed by general funeral home, hospital funeral home. Regarding the acceptance of food items served at the funeral home, Yukgaejang was the most preferred, followed by Gaorichomuchim, Pyeonyuk, Kodarichim, and Injeolmi. There were differences in food acceptance according to age and gender of visitors. Male prefers Samgyeopsal-suyuk to Pyeonyuk. but female prefer Pyeonyuk to Samgyeopsal-suyuk. Elder individuals preferred Kodarichim, Gaoricho-muchim. Younger individuals preferred Jeon, Ojingeodorajimuchim, and Samgyeopsal-suyuk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.92-102
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• 2011

This study researches the current status of shrouds and analyzes the current status of the Hanji shrouds and sets its goal on suggesting the direction for a futuristic shroud design, suitable for the changing funeral culture. For this, the characteristics of traditional shrouds were studied, standard shrouds' and Hanji shrouds' current statuses were researched and analyzed to suggest the development diretion for design of Hanji shrouds. The results of the research showed that the Hanji shrouds are superior in cremation and burial, and the design expressions were more effective. Also the previously established shrouds were shown to have an increase in value through use of different materials, changing designs through various patterns, or through the added symbolic value. Thus the direction of shroud development designs based on the advantages of Hanji have been drawn out to as follows: First, traditional shrouds used the ceremonial dresses, such as official uniforms or wedding dresses, from the Tang dynasty which made it multicolored. Afterwards colors were limited with the use of hemp clothes shrouds but with the appearance of Hanji shrouds, the possibility for mulitcolors and patterns became larger. Second, Hanji is superior in its expression of colors and patterns, making designs with symbolic sides such as religion possible, to meet the demands of the customers. Third, Hanji shrouds are more environmentaly friendly than the standard shrouds in cremation and burial, and it presents a much better image of shrouds for the future society. Such development of Hanji shrouds design developments satisfies the distinct and gentrified demands of the customers and it looks to be able to suggest an opportunity for environmentaly friendly actions while preparing itself for the chaning market demands and values.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.59
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• pp.88-111
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• 2002

This report tried to find the characters of the historical records about the kings' tombs of Shilla on Samgook-Sagi(chapter of Shilla) and Samgook-Yousa(chapter of Shilla Dynasty and strange things). As the result, Samgook-Sagi is the direct form of the d