• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.595-606
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the source area and petrological characteristics of rock properties from the Jeseokri stone-lined tombs located in Gimcheon by analyzing its rocks and source rocks. As a result, the Jeseokri stone-lined tombs consists in a total 11 kinds of various rock types. And aplite (34.5%), leucocratic granite (26.9%) and schistose granite (24.4%) have a large percentage of the rock's composition. By examining the possible provenances, the same rock types and the stones of a similar with metamorphic grades are discovered along the Jeseok mountain valley located to the south of tombs. These findings suggest that the rock properties of the Jeseokri stone-lined tomb were supplied from the upper Jeseok mountain valley and about 1.7km away from Jeseokri. This study could be used for the archaeogeological interpretation of funeral culture and conservation data of buried cultural properties in the age.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.04a
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• pp.179-179
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• 2013

산림 내 시설은 산불 발생 시 접근성의 제한과 인접된 환경의 위험성으로 인해 큰 피해가 예상되는 시설이다. 또한 이러한 시설은 문화적 가치가 높은 문화재이거나, 사회적 파급효과가 큰 사회 간접 시설이 많아 이에 대한 효율적인 관리 방법의 제시가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 산림내 시설의 정의와 위험성 구분을 위해, GIS를 이용하여 산림 내 시설의 지형적 환경을 분석하였다. 따라서, 수치 지형도에 의해 335개소의 산지 전용 가능 시설물을 추출한 뒤, 이를 통해 고도, 경사, 능선상의 위치를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 문화재와 광산시설, 장례시설이 산불로부터 취약할 것으로 예상되며, 시설물의 분류 시설물 중 30%가 산림 내 시설물로 분석되었다. 보다 향후 추가적인 연구와 사례 검증을 통한 연구를 통한 지속적인 보강이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.497-510
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• 2004

This research shows problems of modem Mourning Garments used in Gwangju area compared to traditional ones. Researches are as fellowed; First, items of mourning garments have been not used by degrees. Male has worn Jung-Dan and Du-ru-mak-i as Pyo-Eui of male mourning garments. Second, mourning garments have been simplified and modified. These simplification in shape and uniformity in size are only far Mass production and convenient manufacture. Third, modem mourning garments are made of 6-su (thin) Hemp cloth. In fact this material has no hemp and is just made of cotton and chemical textiles. Even though it is not made of hemp, it has been sold with the name of Hemp Cloth. Materials should be clearly listed. Forth, traditional mourning garments are manufactured through needlework while modern ones through mass production. Now the former is expensive rather than the latter. So Mass produced garments would be preferred to traditional made ones.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.57-78
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• 2008

According to the previous studies about Shilla's cremate grave, in the process of importing the cremate grave, there has been correlation with Chinese Buddhism, and there have been a lot of mentions about the change of the grave, Yinwha(Stamp) patterns and its existence, and about the characteristics of the vessels to contain the bones. The cremate grave is categorized into two-parts type and mono-type, depending on the dead person. The cremate graves that are in local areas such as Wang-Gyeong, show difference in types. The typical vessel to contain the bones, called "Yeongyeol Gori Yoogaeho" is again proved to have existed from A.D 8c. ~ A.D 9c., judging from the Yinwha pattern stamp's existence. Yet, the Yeongyeol Gori Yoogaeho from 9th century used the patternless pottery, also seen from the Won-wha 10 yeon-myeong cremate grave. Due to the prosperity of Buddhism, when the "Mukuchonggwang Taranikyong(Sutra)", translated into Han language in 704 at Dang, was imported into Shilla, the funeral ceremonies of Shilla people changed from making cremate graves with vessels or scattering the bones in oceans, into building stupas in temples with hopes and wishes to bring oneself and family's fortune and the next life of the dead. As a result, the meaning of "Grave" disappeared for the cremate graves, and rather the ceremony changed into scattering bones and wishing fortunes for the dead person. In other words, the ancestor-worship ceremony which was focused on the tomb changed into commemorating the ancestors and wishing individual fortunes by the religious assembly in temples and the building process of stupas. In conclusion, this social change was the cause of the extinction of stone chamber with tunnel entrance and the tombs such as cremate grave.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2012

Changes in social, economical, and cultural environment affect the manner in which mourners greet those expressing condolence to the deceased. While the funeral process was done at home in the past, nowadays, most families prefer a funeral home. Funeral homes provide all necessary services for the funeral process, including food for visitors and rituals. This research was conducted using a questionnaire in the Kyonggido area. Overall food satisfaction level of visitors was moderate; satisfaction with cleanness was the highest, followed by taste, quality, freshness, and diversity. Satisfaction level of foodservice by the type of funeral homes showed home funeral was highest, followed by general funeral home, hospital funeral home. Regarding the acceptance of food items served at the funeral home, Yukgaejang was the most preferred, followed by Gaorichomuchim, Pyeonyuk, Kodarichim, and Injeolmi. There were differences in food acceptance according to age and gender of visitors. Male prefers Samgyeopsal-suyuk to Pyeonyuk. but female prefer Pyeonyuk to Samgyeopsal-suyuk. Elder individuals preferred Kodarichim, Gaoricho-muchim. Younger individuals preferred Jeon, Ojingeodorajimuchim, and Samgyeopsal-suyuk.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2018

The lime-soil mixture on barrier (LSMB) tomb is a representative type of tomb from the Joseon Dynasty. It is an important reference for understanding the society and funeral culture of that time. The LSMB excavated at the Gungri site were classified with manufacturing type. The ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness method were used to estimate the physical properties of the LSMB. The strength values on the tomb of layered wall were different depend on measuring method. The compressive strengths of the tomb with layered wall, which is calculated by ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness ranged from 4.0 to 355 (mean 43.6) $kgf/cm^2$ and 18.8 to 538 (mean 245.2) $kgf/cm^2$ ranges. The damage to the tomb with integrated wall during excavation and removal of the corpse could be a reason for the difference in results obtained using ultrasonic velocity method. Compressive strengths of tombs with integrated wall, which is calculated by ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness ranged from 5.7 to 793 (mean 281.6) $kgf/cm^2$ and 4.5 to 550.5 (mean 172.4) $kgf/cm^2$ values. Physical properties on the tombs of integrated wall had different in compressive strength value but showed similar tendency. Thus, evaluation of the physical properties has shown that measuring ultrasonic velocity and rebound hardness methods are more effective in the LSMB with integrated walls. Further, the strength values obtained through the rebound hardness method are more constant than those obtained through the ultrasonic method due to the small detection area required by the former.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.149-159
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• 1999

It is already a well-known fact, that Korean attend the funeral ceremonies with their courteous etiquette being derived from their customs succeeded from the old ancient times to the contemporary one, regarding it as of great importance. Especially in the age of Lee Dynasty, the etiquette has been a way of Confucian ideas, which has exerted a harmful influences to Korean society due to the reflection of the dutiful conciousness to the tomb customs, and that the change of the burial site and its construction works became more and more serious and excessive. In the meantime, the population has been increased according to the development of the modern industrialization and the number of the dead has also been increased, which caused the issue on the effective use of the limited national land relating to the tomb culture, as the passing of the time. Consequently, in this study on the design of the charnel house, three aspects, humane aspect pursuing the human value, like naturalism or equalitarianism, circumstancial aspect presenting minimum space and convenient space, and formative aspect expressing convenient space, and formative aspect expressing convenient charnel function, unique form and symbolism, have been considered, in order that the tomb space could be transferred to the place for the meditation looking back the meaning of the life, or the place for the comfort. Above all, the special emphasis has been put on the creation of the tomb culture, harmonizing relaxation, exercise and refinement in everyone's life. And in order to realize it, the special interest and investment should be directed not only to the materialistic culture caused from the whole hearted devotion to the development for advancing society, but to the related parts to the value of the life or spiritual culture, such a sideology, culture or environment etc., which would be led to the entrance to the real advaced country members.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.228-241
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• 2021

Cremated archaeological bones provide crucial information to unravel the details of ancient cremation events and funeral culture. The research on cremated bones to date has been mainly focused on extracting archaeological information in Korea. Recently, the techniques of physical anthropology have been applied to obtain biological information and cremation temperatures for individuals. This study analyzed human remains excavated from Seoul Seokchon-dong Ancient Tombs and determined whether there were human cremations as well as the estimated cremation temperatures. There was no trace of fire in the pits where cremated bones were found; therefore, it is assumed that they were deposited with the artifacts. In this study, four samples were selected according to the surface color of the bones, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used for analysis. All four of the Seokchon-dong cremated bones were found, based on the crystallization index of X-ray diffraction analysis, to have experienced cremation above the temperature of 700℃. Infrared spectroscopy results indicated that the four bones from Seokchon-dong were cremated at temperatures above 700℃ and below 1,000℃. IR peaks were observed at 700℃, whereas no changes were found when bones experienced more than 1000℃. We assume that the cremated people in the Seokchon-dong Tombs were people of high-status because cremation at such a high temperature at that period required much effort. Here we present significant evidence of the cremation status and temperature of archaeological human bones on the basis of XRD and FT-IR, allowing for the restoration of the cremation events and funeral culture in archaeological sites.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.70-81
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• 2023

The choice of business method is a necessary decision at the last moment of life, and to this end, we use several criteria. Our funeral methods were dominated by ancestral worship culture and religion, not nature. It is only recently that nature was used as a means from a human perspective, but natural field methods such as consideration for nature and symbiosis with nature have emerged. The recent high public preference for natural fields is today's strong zeitgeist and nature-friendly values. Based on statistics in 2021, Korea's national cremation rate exceeded 92%, and compared to less than 20% of the cremation rate just 20 years ago, our business method has changed rapidly. As the cremation promotion movement and government policies, which began in the early 90s, were systematically developed, the enshrinement facility was established next to us. However, while this was also subject to criticism of national damage, the Jang Act called natural field was introduced into the system in 2008, and about 15 years have passed, but the revitalization of natural field is slower than expected. One of the reasons for the stagnation of development is to forget the basic spirit of the natural field (once you return to the forest), and to think like a graveyard grave. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the background of the introduction and current operation of natural fields and present development measures to improve memorial services to make natural fields loved by the people.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.41
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• pp.177-197
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• 2015

This study found that La hija del mar (1859) by Rosalía de Castro describes, as the background to the work, the lives of Galicians, along with the movement of the sea, scenes of the coast, storms, and lively plants in Muxía, a small city of Galicia and Cabo de Finisterre. It was shown that the nature of Galicia, as described in the work, is a beautiful site where fishermen and farmers live among the full aroma of plants and flowers, as well as being a subject of fear to the people there. Furthermore, it was also shown through the funeral process, along with a depiction of the natural environment, the unique place of Galicia is part of the traditional heritage that the Galician people have preserved, in which Roman Catholic rituals are mixed with superstitious rites. Moreover, the author shows through a description of the excessive drinking culture of Dionysian rites or Libation rites that Galicia is a land with longstanding and profound folk customs, as well as a special culture. It was proved that the work is a specific representation of the author's perspective. Thus, Rosalía depicts the lives of people and the natural environment, which have not been examined profoundly, although they always existed in Galicia. This provides space where the external reality of Galicia and part of the identity of Galicia can be elucidated.