• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2000

The sequences of two fragments of 18s ribosomal DNA were determined to elucidate relationship between Pungitius sinensis and P. kaibarae. The proportion of G+C pair is 54.85% to 55.15% in P. kaibarae populations and 52.76% in P. sinensis. Number of substitutions ranges from 10~18 among the populations of P. kaibarae and up to 165 between P. sinensis and P. kaibarae. The value of sequence divergence were 0.0118~0.0195 among the populations of P. kaibarae and 0.2136~0.2306 between P. sinensis and P. kaibarae. The result of pairwise comparison of the sequences indicate that phylogenetic relationship between P. sinensis and P. kaibarae was differentiated to specific level.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.118.2-118
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• 1996

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.262-269
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• 2022

A distribution survey was conducted from 2018 to 2020 to evaluate the distribution status, habitat characteristics, and extinction threat of the short ninespine stickleback Pungitius kaibarae (Gasterosteidae). Literature reports of P. kaibarae distribution have been sorted by each period, 1980~1996, 1997~2005, and 2007~2017, and the samples were collected in 32, 43, and 64 stations for each period. Among the 75 streams and 193 sampling sites investigated during the study period, 1,400 P. kaibarae individuals were collected from 26 streams at 39 sites. The main habitat of P. kaibarae was downstream or brackish water zones with a low altitude, slow water velocity, and many aquatic plants. The main reasons for the decline in population size were assumed to be drought and flood, river work for flood restoration and river maintenance, bridges construction, and predation by the exotic fish species Micropterus salmoides. Previous evidence reported a 42.6% reduction in occupancy within 10 years, a decline in habitat quality, and the spread and impact of the exotic fish species Micropterus salmoides. Therefore, P. kaibarae is now considered a Vulnerable (VU A2ace) species based on the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Therefore, P. kaibarae should be redesignated as an endangered species by the Ministry of Environment and systematically managed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 1999

In order to investigate territorial behaviour, Pungitius sinensis kaibarae were collected from Sacheon-river, Kangwon-do, Korea. They are reared in aquarium with designed experimental region from March to May 1996. In this study, territorial behaviour was divided into 1) pre-territorial movements of a shoal under varying water-weeds position 2) individual ranking patterns in connection with total length of fish 3) the change in size of territorial maps during the parental stage. The movements of a shoal tend to prefer regions with water-weeds and the lower half of the aquarium. Competition for territory was fierce, and fish that are longer in total length dominate smaller one in occupying territory. Both males and females developed territorial behaviour as they grew. However, male's territory was enlarged according to the hatching and dispersion of fry. At this time, aggressive tendencies reached their peak.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.88-94
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• 1990

Natural hybrids between Pungitius sisensis sinensis and P. sinensis kaibarae were found in their sympatric area, a streamlet below Chibyon Reservoir in Kangnung city, Kangwondo, Korea. P. sinensis sinensis and P. sinensis kaibarae showed the same electropherograms as reported previously. However, about 10% of the specimens had peculiar banding patterns and they seemed to be hybrid between the two subspecies. They are divided further into two groups: sinensis-type and kaibarae-type hybrid. Two morphometric characters, snout length and depth of caudal peduncle, indicated the hybrid's property well. The color of testis of P. sinensis sinensis and P. sinensis kaibarae was grey and black, respectively, but that of hybrid was intermediate. The problem of reproductive isolation between the two groups raised by the finding of their hybrids was discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.260-265
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• 1990

Pungitius sinensis specimens were collected from the Namdae River and Chusu River drained into Sea of Japan, and their morphological characters were investigated to determine if this species shows sexual dimorphism. The ratio of the head length to the body length revealed marked sexual difference; the head length in males was longer than in females. The snout length and body depth at anus showed a tendency to be larger in males than in females. This dimorphism seems to be related to breeding habits. The ethological significance of the larger head of males was discussed.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1989

Three species of Korean sticklebacks family Gasterosteidae were reviewed based on the specimens of several populations for the study of their morphological variations and taxonomical positions. All specimens of Gasterosteus aculeatus observed have a complte row of lateral plates ranging from thirty-two to thirty-five in number. The low-plate morph regarded as landlocked type is virtually absent. And no difference was recognized among six populations of G. aculeatus in the meristic chracters, i.e. number of vertebrae, gill rakers and finrays. The Pungitius sinensis and P.kaibarae ssp. shown local variations have scutes ranging from 31 to 35, but not clinal in the morphometric characters. But P.sinensis was statistically different from P.kaibarae ssp. in some characters such as the number of dorsal spine rays and vertebrae, and body depth, although their ranges overlapped. No significant taxonomic difference was detected between white from and black from in dorsal spinous membrane of P.kailbarae ssp. Although these three species of Korean sticklebacks have the same diploid chromosome number (2N=42), G. aculeatus is obviously different from the two species of genus Pungitius in their karyotype ; G. aculeatus consists of six metacentrics, six submetacentrics, and thiry subtelo-acrocentrics, and both P.sinensis and P.kaibarae ssp. have four metacentrics, six submetacentrics, and thirty-four subtelo-acrocentrics.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 1996

The developmental process of scutes in the eightspine stickleback, Pungitius sinensis kaibarae (Tanaka), was investigated. The scutes appeared first on the caudal peduncle at 13mm and then on the thoracoabdominal part at 16mm. The scutes continued to develop and then the trachurus type of scute arrangement was completed at about 20mm. Finally the number of scutes was stabilized as 32 - 33 in the fish over 22mm. The developmental state of scutes was different according to part of body but most scutes except those of anteriormost part entered into late stage at about 25mm. The scutes of anteriormost part remained as scute of middle stage even though the fish became adults. All scutes were formed around neuromasts of lateral line. Few anterior plates(up to five plates) had additional neuromasts above the plates. But scale material was not accumulated around the additional neuromasts. Relationship between Korean and Japanese eightspine stickleback and the taxonomic meaning of the additional neuromasts were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.217-223
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• 2023

The 886-bp sequence of the mitochondrial region encoding the cytb gene was used to identify the origin of the Goryeong (GR) population of Pungitius kaibarae and to characterize genetic diversity and structure among wild populations. The GR population showed the lowest haplotype diversity (H_d=0.000), while the highest haplotype diversity was confirmed at 0.755 among the Goseoung (GS) population. Nucleotide diversity ranged was the highest diversity at 0.00291 in the GS population and the lowest diversity at 0.00000 in the GR population. The GR population was genetically closest to the Pohang (PH) population. The haplotype network confirmed that the GR population was most similar to the PH population. The GR population also clustered with the PH population with high bootstrap support (98%) in a phylogenetic tree. We thus conclude that the GR population is derived from a population similar to the PH population.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.2 s.116
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• pp.265-270
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• 2006

The nucleotide sequence variations of mitochondrial DNA were investigated to understand genetic differentiation for five different Pungitius kaibarae populations at five study sites from selected four streams flowing into the East Sea. The complete sequences of mtDNA control regions of them were determined the constant sites 342 bp and variable sites 183 bp including parsimony infromative sites 122 bp. Based on the phylogenetic tree, five populations were monophyletic unit (97% MPand 100% NJ) and separated two groups (Myongpa-Songhuen stream group and others group). The population of Baebong stream (82nd bp, G-A) consistently formed them of the Jasan stream into a monophyletic unit even though it is closer then Myongpa stream (99th bp, T-C) from the Baebong stream. Further studies on the molecular phylogeny for the primary freshwater fish are needed to establish for the fish biodiversity conservation in mountainous and upland streams.