• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 1998

Purpose: Ceftriaxone, a potent parenteral third-generation semisynthetic cephalosporin is widely used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections in both children and adult. Review of recent data indicates that ceftriaxone treatment has been associated with the development of reversible biliary pseudolithiasis and that is thought by many to be a benign process. Despite, several reports describe patients with ceftriaxone pseudolithiasis who required cholecystectomy for presumed acute cholecystitis. In this study we evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of gallbladder pseudolithiasis after ceftriaxone treatment. Methods: Between march, 1997 and January, 1998, any child admitted to the Children's hospital of National University of Seoul and prescribed ceftriaxone for probable or definite bacterial infection were eligible for the study. 21 of them had ultrasound examination on the 2~12 days later after the start of ceftriaxone treatment, 8 of whom documented gallbladder precipitates or pseudolithiasis during treatment by serial abdominal ultrasound. Repeat abdominal ultrasound was performed 10~80 days later after the end of ceftriaxone treatment. The children with underlying liver disease or decreased renal function were excluded in this study. Results: 1) 21 children had ultrasound examinations of gallbladder during ceftriaxone treatment and 8 (38%) of them acquired pseudolithiasis. 2) The patients who developed gallbladder pseudolithiasis were significantly older ($6.3{\pm}2.9$ yr. vs $2.2{\pm}3.1$ yr.)(p<0.05), and older than 24 months were probably the significant risk associated with this phenomenon (p<0.05). However, no significant differences in sex, type of infection, fasting, and ceftriaxone treatment regimen (dose, duration of therapy). 3) The abnormality found on gallbladder ultrasonography was a strikingly hyperechogenic material with post-acoustic shadowing in 5 patients without post-acoustic shadowing in 3 patients 4) Follow up of gallbladder ultrasound was performed in 6 patients after cessation of ceftriaxone treatment. Sonographic abnormalities completely resolved within 14 days post cessation of therapy in 2 patients; 30 days, 1 patient; 80 days, 3 patients. Conclusions: We suggest that routine abdominal ultrasound should be considered in all children who received high dose ceftriaxone in more than 24 months of age and developed hepatobiliary symptoms during or just after ceftriaxone treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1996

Prevention of thromboembolism is the most important task in the development of bioconpatible small caliber artificial vascular graft. In normal vessels, vascular endothelial cells maintain homeosatsis by secreting numerous factors. The aim of this study is to develope a method which Improves biocompatibility of small caliver polyurethane graft using endothelial cell culture technique, and ev luate the efTectiveness of extracelluar matrix for endothelization which was produced by cultured fibroblast. Methods ; Multiporous polyurethane tube of 3 mm diameter, 0.3 mm thickness was manufactured for vascular graft. Three mongrel dogs were intubated and internal jugular veins removed. Extracelluar matrix produced by cultured flbrobast which was obtained from dog's internal jugular vein were coated to the polyurethane graft. Then, endothelial cells extracted from Jugular vein were cultured and fixed on the extracelluar matrix layer of vascular graft. Endothelial cell coated vascular grafts were implanted to the carotid arteries of experimental dogs as interposed autograft. Implanted grafts were removed after 3 and 6 weeks. As a control, PTFE graft was interposed on carotid artery. These experiments demonstrated that extracelluar matrix produced by fibroblast can afford a base for endothelial cell linings of polyurethane graft. Although thrombosis were developed on autografted en othelial cell coated graft, 33% opening was noticed, and showed less adhesion to adjacent tissue layer. These findings suggest that fiboblast produced extracelluar matrix which can be used for edothelial cell lining vascular graft, and by improving the cultured endothelial cell function, there will be a new modality for reducing thrombosis on small vascular graft.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.765-769
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• 2007

Background: The curative treatment of choice for empyema is decortication of the pleura. The risks of this treatment however are increased for the patient with reduced pulmonary function, complicated calcification or septic shock. In the past, open window thoracostomy was a final stage treatment for chronic empyema. Relatively safe treatment of empyema could be achieved in difficult cases with a closure of the open window after open drainage and use of a myocutaneous flap (one stage or staged). Material and Method: A retrospective study of the cause, progression and final outcome of empyema patients who received open window thoracostomy was performed. 21 patients were followed from 1995 to 2004 in the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in the College of Medicine, Pusan National University. Result: The average age of the patients was $57.5{\pm}15.5$ years (range $25{\sim}78$ years), of whom 16 (76.2%) were men and five (23.8%) were women. Pulmonary function test results showed an average FEV1 of $1.58{\pm}0.49 L$. The type of empyema was tuberculous empyema in 13 cases (61.9%), aspergillosis in three cases (14.3%), parapneumonic empyema in three cases (14.3%) and post-resectional empyema in two cases (10%). Bronchopulmonary fistula was seen in 14 cases. Eight cases were complicated by severe calcification of the pleura. For the four cases of bronchopulmonary fistula, the patients' serratus anterior muscle was covered in their first operation. The average number of ribs resected was $4{\pm}1$. Closure of the open window thoracostomy was performed in 12 cases. The average time to closure after open drainage was $10.22{\pm}3.11$ months and the average defect of the empyemal cavity before the final operation was $330{\pm}110 cc$. Among the 12 cases, there were two cases of spontaneous closure. In two cases closure was only achieved by using the reserved skin fold during the first surgery. Of the remaining eight cases, in seven we used the myocutaneous flap (four cases of lattisimus dorsi muscle and three cases of pectoralis major muscle), and in one case we used soft tissue. As regards complications of the closure, tissue necrosis occurred in one case, which led to failed closure, and there was one case of abdominal hernia in the rectus abdominis muscle flap. One patient died within 30 days of the surgery and one patient died of metastatic cancer. Conclusion: A staged operation with a final closure using open window thoracostomy, which consists of open drainage, transposition of the muscle and a myocutaneous flap, can be a safe and effective option for the chronic empyema patient who is difficult to cure with traditional surgical methods.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 2017

Objectives : In this study I made investigations how 'strange hunger' and 'compulsive overeating' threatening the ego could be resolved and healed. And I aim to present a healing model of psychotherapy and analysis as one of methods of treatment for 'eating disorder'. Methods : The analysands of this study were outpatients who visited the department of psychiatry of Yong-In Mental Hospital from March 2008 to February 2017 with 'hunger' and 'compulsive overeating' as their chief complaints. This study is based on the detailed records of the process of analysis including dreams and visions. Results : 1) Throughout the process of analysis that explore both consciousness and unconsciousness(dream, vision), hunger and compulsive overeating is improved and healed in all analysands. 2) The Imago of 'Snake' appeared in dreams and visions of all analysands. 3) By suffering impulse rather than acting it out, impulse transformes itself into 'Imago'. As impulse transforms into 'Imago' and reveals the 'meaning' of it, ego-threatening power of impulse weakens and mood is calmed. And as a result, synthesis of consciousness and unconsciousness and creative transformation of personality can be possible. Conclusions : In some people, 'hunger' and 'compulsive overeating' are 'creative impulses' that aim 'Self-realization' which can be fruited as creative transformation of personality and as creative transformation in the relation with the world. 'Creative impulses', which often can be experienced as instinctive impulse or emotional suffering unless ego realizes the meaning, reveal the meaning in dreams or visions through 'Imago' and 'Symbol'.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2008

In deep geological disposal system, the integrity of a disposal canister having spent fuels is very important factor to assure the safety of the repository system. This disposal canister is one element of the engineered barriers to isolate and to delay the radioactivity release from human beings and the environment for a long time so that the toxicity does not affect the environment. The main requirement in designing the deep geological disposal system is to keep the buffer temperature below 100$^{\circ}C$ by the decay heat from the spent fuels in the canister in order to maintain the integrity of the buffer material. Also, the disposal canister can endure the hydraulic pressure in the depth of 500 m and the swelling pressure of the bentonite as a buffer. In this study, new concept of the disposal canister for the CANDU spent fuels which were considered to be disposed without any treatment was developed and the thermal stability and the structural integrity of the canister were analysed. The result of the thermal analysis showed that the temperature of the buffer was 88.9$^{\circ}C$ when 37 years have passed after emplacement of the canister and the spacings of the disposal tunnel and the deposition holes were 40 m and 3 m, respectively. In the case of structural analysis, the result showed that the safety factors of the normal and the extreme environment were 2.9 and 1.33, respectively. So, these results reveal that the canister meets the thermal and the structural requirements in the deep geological disposal system.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

The habit of finger sucking is a reflex occurring in the oral stage, due to nutritive and psychological desire. The habit of finger sucking is considered to be normal till 3 years of age. Dento-skeletal effect on maxillo-mandibular complex including occlusion is naturally correction, when habit stopped before 3 years. If finger sucking continues till $3{\sim}4$ years, Finger sucking leads to severe malocclusion and remarkable discrepancy maxillo-mandibular complex, which is difficult in expectation of natural correction. It is necessary to positive treatment. Treatment of malocclusion, as related to finger sucking is classified two methods. (psychological approach and orthodontic appliance) To stop a habit and to correct severe skeletal discrepancy and malocclusion, $fr\ddot{a}nkel$ appliance is very effective device. This study is to report two cases of treatment of malocclusion, as related to finger sucking. 2 years 10 months old girl with severe overjet, maxillo-mandibular skeletal discrepancy and severe convex facial profile was treated with a FR-II appliance. Finger sucking habit stopped immediately After 16 months, severe overjet, maxillo-mandibular skeletal discrepancy and severe convex facial profile was corrected. 4 years 2 months old girl with midline deviation, mandibular right shift, collateral posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry was treated with a FR-III appliance. Finger sucking habit stopped immediately. After 10 month, Midline deviation, mandibular right shift, collateral posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry were corrected. FR-appliance is a recommendable appliance for a habit breaker and correction of skeletal discrepancy.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2007

A pair of maroon clownfishes with an indonesian native, reared in recirculation culture system to develope its aquaculture techniques. Courtship, spawning behavior, egg developments and rearing of the maroon clownfish larvae were documented. The larval development were described with illustrative figures. The spawning was occurred 8 times between Feburary and August 2004. The gravid female spawned during 15:00-20:00. The male mainly took care of the eggs supplying oxygen by water currents using their pectoral fins, anal fin and mouth. The fertilized eggs were separative-adhesive and oval in shape, and $1.99{\pm}0.03\;mm$ in longer diameter and $0.88{\pm}0.03\;mm$ in shorter diameter. The fertilized eggs were in deep-orange color. Cleavage occurred in 30 minutes after fertilization, and the egg reached 2 cells stage in 1 hour 10 minutes after fertilization at $27.0^{\circ}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. The embryo was formed in 23 hours 40 minutes after fertilization. Hatching began in between $120{\pm}2$ hours and $150{\pm}12$ hours after fertilization at $27.0^{\circ}C$ in the incubator. Total length (TL) of the newly hatched larvae was 3.22 mm with mouth and anus opened. Ten days after hatching, mean TL of the larvae were 6.21 mm with 28 dorsal fin rays, 17 anal fin rays and 28 caudal fin rays. Nineteen days after hatching, mean TL of the larvae were 9.34 mm. At this stage the larva had three white bands on the body, and they began to feed on commercial diet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

In order to determine the effects of thinning on mushroom fruiting, microclimate and air temperature in Quercus mongolica forests, this study investigated changes in crown density, soil temperature, air temperature and throughfall in the natural Q. mongolica forest which was thinned by approximately 45% four years ago. The results showed that crown density was smaller than control by 6% from April to October, The soil temperature and air temperature in the thinned stands were significantly higher than those of the control by $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ until August and differences in air and soil temperature. The average daily temperature difference was higher than control by $0.2{\sim}0.7^{\circ}C$ until October. Throughfall from July to September in the thinned was approximately 135 mm higher than in the control. The maximum difference in throughfall per unit time was 3.5 mm/h. Soil moisture in the thinned site increased by approximately 5% compared with the control and reduced to the normal moisture after 4 days in both sites. 55 mushroom species were found in the thinned area between July and September. The thinned site contained 10 mycorrhizal mushrooms more than the control and 1 saprophytic mushroom species more than the control. Shannon-Wiener Index was 3.2, approximately 0.5 higher than the control. Tylopilus neofelleus, etc., occurred in the thinned site more quickly, but Aaricus subrutilescens, Clitocybe sp, occurred later. In the thinned site, the dominance of Tylopilus neofellelus and Armillaria sp. increased approximately 6% and 30% and yield about 1.5 times and 20 times, respectively. In conclusion, thinning in the Q. mongolica forest increased the soil and air temperature, soil moisture, throughfall and the diversity of mushroom species, and advanced the period of occurrence, and increased dominance and yield of some mycorrhizal mushrooms and Amillaria sp.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 2005

This study investigated the changes in physicochemical characteristics after 120 days of aging Korean red pepper paste, 'Kochujang', made of minor cereals in substitution for glutinous rice which has been conventionally used as starch source. The cereals used were waxy job's tears, proso millet, sorghum, barley and foxtail millet, Glutinous rice with barley was used as controls. The items determined were water activity, pH, content of amino nitrogen, chromaticity and sensory test. 1. The water activities(Aw) of Kochujang samples were in range of $0.72{\sim}0.82$ at the beginning of fermentation, with Aw barley paste bing the lowest, and Aw of sorghum paste bing the highest. Then Aw were slowly decreased to the range of $0.49{\sim}0.50$ during 120 days of fermentation 2. The pH of the pastes was in range of $4.94{\sim}5.02$ at the initial time of fermentation, and decreased steadily to 4.32{\sim}4.73 at the end. 3. The content of amino nitrogen was in range of $330.9{\sim}340.7\;mg%$ at the early time of fermentation. The highest content, $351{\sim}381\;mg%$, was observed at the 90th day of aging of glutinous rice paste, 105th day of job's tears paste, 75th day each of barley and proso millet, and 60th day each of sorghum and foxtail millet. 4. The Hunter tristimulus values (L, a, b) of all pastes were gradually decreased during fermentation. The value of barley paste was lowest among the pastes. 5. The texture of barley paste in sensory test showed significant difference with other pastes, whereas there were no differences in color, odor, taste and sensory qualities.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 1998

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), which can result in renal failure in children, is expected to resolve spontaneously in mild cases, but severe cases require surgical correction, posing dilemma in deciding the right measures in some cases. Therefore, to delineate the factors affecting spontaneous resolution of VUR and to apply them in assessing the prognosis, we reviewed the patients with VUR who had been treated medically. Patients and Methods : 32 children (49 renal units) with reflux who had been admitted during the 5-year period from Jan '92 to Dec '96 were classified into 4 groups (Resolved, Improved, Unchanged, and Worsened) and analyzed. Results : 1) 25 were boys and 7 girls. The age at diagnosis ranged from 13 days to 9 years (mean $24.6{\pm}11.4$ mo) 2) Among 49 refluxing ureters, 4 were below 1 me of age,21 between 1 me to 1 yr, 16 between 1 yr to 6 yr, 8 beyond 6 yr. Two belonged to Grade I, 16 to Crade II, 17 to Grade III, 12 to Grade IV, and 2 to Grade V. 3) Spontaneous resolution rates of reflux were 100, 81, 47, 8, 0$\%$ for each Grade, respectively. Resolution plus improvement rates in Grade III and IV were 71 and $50\%$, each. 4) Resolution rates in relation to the age at diagnosis were $100\%$ for below 1 mo, $48\%$ between 1 mo to 1 yr, $56\%$ between 1 to 6 yr, and $13\%$ beyond 6 yr. 5) Of 15 unilateral refluxing ureters, 14 ($93\%$) resulted in resolution. Of 34 bilateral refluxing ureters, 11 ($32\%$) resolved spontaneously 6) Resolution occurred within 1 year in 20 units of 24 renal units in regular follow-up. Conclusion: The lower the initial grade and the younger the patient, the sooner the reflux resolved. Resolution was better when VUR was unilateral than bilateral. Long-term regular follow-up is essential because even the cases falling in Grades III and IV have high rates of spontaneous resolution and improvement with medical treatment.